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1、句 子 成 分Members of a Sentence,*句子成分由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有七种：_和_,主语（subject）、,谓语（predicate）、,表语（predicative）、,宾语（object）、,定语（attribute）、,状语(adverbial),补语（complement）。,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。,掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一：（主谓）二：（主系表）三：（主谓宾）四：（主谓间宾直宾）五：（主谓宾宾补）,基本句型 一：（主谓）,主语：可以作主语的成分有名词，主格代词，动词不定式，动名
2、词等等。主语一般在句首。,谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，,如：We come.,（不及物动词）,1.The sunrose.2.Who cares?3.What he said does not matter.4.They talked for half an hour.5.The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,基本句型 二：（主系表）,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词
3、都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。,系动词分两类：be,look,keep,seem等，表情况；get,grow,become,turn等属另一类，表变化。be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,感官动词多可用作连系动词：look well/面色好,sound nice/听起来不错,feel good/感觉好，smell bad/难闻,（是系动词）（表语）,1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smell
4、s good.3.He fell in love.4.Everything looks different.5.He is growing tall and strong.6.Our well has gone dry.7.His face turned red.,*There be 结构：There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物,试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）前一个there无实意，后一个there为副词那里。,基本句型 三：（主谓宾）,此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动
5、词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,（及物动词）（宾语）,1.Who knows the answer?2.He has refused to help them.3.He enjoys reading.4.He said Good morning.5.He admits that he was mistaken.,基本句型 四：（主谓间宾直宾）,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，eg：give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。,-Give me a
6、 cup of tea please.-Show this house to Mr.Smith.-Bring it to me,please.,（及物）（多指人）（多指物）,She ordered herself a new dress.2.He brought you a dictionary.3.I showed him my pictures.4.I told him that the bus was late.5.He showed me how to run the machine.,基本句型 五：（主谓宾宾补）,此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表
7、达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。,The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.,名词/代词宾格+n./adj./介词短语/动词不定式/分词,（及物）（宾语）（宾
8、补）,1.They painted the door green.2.This set them thinking.3.They found the house deserted.4.He asked me to come back soon.5.I saw them getting on the bus.,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（adj./adv./num.数词）短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语The little boy needs a
9、 blue pen.,一)挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,(二)挑出下列句中的表语-The old man was feeling ver
10、y tired.-The leaves have turned yellow.-Soon They all became interested in the subject.,(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr.Wang g
11、et on the bus.,一、定语：,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，译为的,定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。,Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen.There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom.,(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,
