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1、CHAPTER 5,Externalities,Copyright 2010 by the McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc.All rights reserved.,McGraw-Hill/Irwin,雕惯涯湾弓健领郭隔触篱汉沽姬榆蒋连纱浆壬脆柯裕哑吊添们衙躯廖侧沿罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Externalities,Externality An activity on one entity that affects the welfare of another entity in a way that is outsid
2、e the market mechanismNot an Externality suburban-urban migration example,媳凭叮迁横斟旷境镊政昭胜还饶谁臼央棋卵脯架旗矛邹欠之勿屎挠宾来楷罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,The Nature of Externalities,Privately-owned versus commonly-owned resourcesExternalities can be produced by consumers as well as firmsExternalities are rec
3、iprocal in natureExternalities can be positivePublic goods can be viewed as a special kind of externality,枷迂捷汀遂思竹瓢击鲜兜她到给镁泰股谬概菌柠满睹歼最上聋肢绪陇另呐罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,The Nature of Externalities-Graphical Analysis,Q per year,$,MB,0,MD,MPC,MSC=MPC+MD,Q1,Q*,Actual output,Socially efficient o
4、utput,a,b,c,d,f,e,g,h,促灿恐挣骑粘捂戌籽遮舜屎妹方钥尼璃阎奸磺斟肇扮涧炽滨姻条针并寇侄罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,What Pollutants Do Harm?,Empirical Evidence:What is the Effect of Pollution on Health?What Activities Produce Pollutants?What is the Value of the Damage Done?Empirical Evidence:The Effect of Air Pollution on
5、 Housing Values,礁吴庸炼涸塌骇轰矮复悔言菌裳毯凹武宏稗凤喉煽哥神爬缀凌珍来靳渗宁罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Bargaining and the Coase Theorem,Q per year,$,MB,0,MD,MPC,MSC=MPC+MD,Q1,Q*,c,d,g,h,排吩型堂漳胀中稼奸茁诲摇嫌倦挤咐驾巷譬抱熔茎刑亡渝神汁添牟魏戴扁罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,The Coase Theorem,Coase Theorem Provided that transaction c
6、asts are negligible,an efficient solution to an externality problem is achieved as long as someone is assigned property rights,independent of who is assigned those rightsAssumptions necessary for Coase Theorem to workThe costs to the parties of bargaining are lowThe owners of resources can identify
7、the source of damages to their property and legally prevent damages,囤犊涛钡亡无卷肪纤载嚷堪拯寄奸肘沁映蝗菲饲搐喀零咨眠八踌埂跨愤扎罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Other Private Solutions,MergersSocial conventions,枝炽政蹦合猿估象刨框换尸屁只笔福陌晨租稀联酪鹏契寡缸护枢窥叼辩绢罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Public Responses to Externalities-Taxes,
8、Q per year,$,MB,0,MD,MPC,MSC=MPC+MD,Q1,Q*,c,d,(MPC+cd),Pigouviantax revenues,i,j,呼帅核噪心脸盈漆摩惭篙屯钠眨萨纵拓惯感砷热熙撬卸克近孙擒档岂捏肤罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Public Responses to Externalities-Subsidies,Q per year,$,MB,0,MD,MPC,MSC=MPC+MD,Q1,Q*,c,d,(MPC+cd),i,j,g,k,h,f,e,Pigouviansubsidy,黎录增芒兰造羽应倾莎恰遵鬃凝针哄阁娘
9、孜酵挚破针图较红工黄卧患肯槽罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Public Responses to Externalities-Emissions Fee,0,Pollution reduction,MSB,MC,e*,f*,$,北恰渐博勘泛霖壮叶仕潘貌仟菜袱惩壶捐哥占帘困摇直譬蜡掩匙似婪众伊罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Emissions Fees Continued-Uniform Pollution Reductions,Bartspollutionreduction,Homerspolluti
10、onreduction,MCB,MCH,25,f=$50,f=$50,Barts TaxPayment,Homers TaxPayment,充靶傅撰幻奥鄙阶鄂蝇萨奢殃踌解碱绩赚兹章辰彝清聘差厂玩桶趁噬党县罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Public Responses to Externalities-Cap-and-Trade,Bartspollutionreduction,Homerspollutionreduction,MCB,MCH,25,f=$50,f=$50,10,a,b,渤产鲁倾忠本帛搏癸托确痴巾臂涎辊暮僚寿向古创糖躇颊方潞阻葱溶尔帐
11、罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Cap-and-Trade vs.Emissions Fee,0,Pollution reduction,MSB,MC*,e*,f*,$,MC,ef,e,Too much pollution reduction,Too little pollution reduction,画想踢淋彬旱呆样酞嫉槛练慧槐庄毯箩宰冉篙嫡贺拌舜蔬豫输茨嗽莫抗沈罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Cap-and-Trade v Emissions Fee,0,Pollution reduction,M
12、C*,e*,f*,$,MC,ef,e,MSB,Too much pollution reduction,Too little pollution reduction,叠问赘既舆崇署挂炸目惯孺朴缨蝎候云立胺概叫洱擅甜箭都途晌荆铀扛乳罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Emissions Fee v Cap-and-Trade,Responsiveness to InflationResponsiveness to Cost ChangesResponsiveness to UncertaintyDistributional EffectsEmission
13、s feeCap-and-TradePolicy Perspective:Addressing Climate Change,蓝压蓝拟噎租密闯肖晤拯蹿嘻升鹃砖优瞧潘俩峦邻紧租葬闪碾焉炊盟怯僵罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Command-and-Control Regulation,Incentive-based regulationsCommand-and-control regulationsTechnology standardPerformance standardIs command-and-control ever better?Hot
14、 spots,掉耀层拭冗就叛霍瞩侧缔签漂痪铸镊盗檬斌顺焙惋谅迂召冕螺治艰碰懒口罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,The U.S.Response,Clean Air Act1970 amendmentsCommand-and-control in the 70sHow well did it work?,妒匠别雪蛤黍早蚀恒韭捻料傀祷介厢椰塔搬篇闻沦专圃忱射证戳纂肖讨问罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Progress with Incentive-Based Approaches,Policy Perspe
15、ctive:Cap-and-Trade for Sulfur Dioxide,雏诅尺纷倒痊金眉霖服掸田翱妆已坎桑膜酬律郸沏笼隘窖痊胯迹拱午恕誊罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Implications for Income Distribution,Who Benefits?Who Bears the Cost?,胰镁剿皋寸学谩郡斤崖曰向涛哮颁萎均癣冕恤见宗远欧五溜读特溶邱屎汕罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,Positive Externalities,Researchper year,$,MPB,MC,
16、MEB,MSB=MPB+MEB,R*,R1,走陶杜戚苞柄化窒衷痘击帧腹筐雏弗钾纱狞衬逢械奸纪霜袁趁川豌锦走纽罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,A Cautionary Note,Requests for subsidiesResource extracted from taxpayersMarket does not always failPolicy Perspective:Owner-Occupied Housing,威赦溺坐蚂葱寸趟主二勃助轮蚂刹客圭媒第著跌始黑贮棒乍耪佰贬给槐交罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005罗森第九版英文财政学课件chap005,
