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1、rapid development of the market economy environment to explore public servants duty consumption monetization reform has provided a good foundation. The socialization of rear service work has been launched, and rapid progress in some places and departments, duty consumption monetization of carrier an
2、d approach to management has been resolved. Third, in recent years, exploring the monetization of duty consumption has made some progress, have gained some experience and can provide reference to the comprehensive reform of the system of public servants duty consumption further. Implementing an hone
3、st canteen, standardize official entertaining management; enhancing the telecommunication expense management; elimination of County travel and countryside subsidies; research village officials capitalization management of corporate spending, and so on. Finally, group .18 session to be held in Beijin
4、g from November 9, 2013 to 12th. 35 years ago blew the third plenary session of the reform and opening up in the spring breeze, changed, affect the world; today, 35 years later, in the eyes of the nation and the world expect, again to reform mark China, ushered in the 18 session. XI General Secretar
5、y pointed out that Chinas reform has entered a crucial period and the Sham Shui Po District, must be based on greater political courage and wisdom, lose no time in deepening reform in important fields. Dares to crack a hard nut, dares to question the Rapids, which dares to break the barrier of ideas
6、, and dare to benefit cure barriers. Deepening reform and opening up is on schedule to achieve institutional safeguards of the moderately well-off. Under the five in one the General layout of socialist modernization requirements, 18 session of the decision was a five in one and the improvement of ov
7、erall scheme of reform, will promote an integrated and coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological civilization construction of the five reforms and the partys construction in the area of institutional reform. The five in one programme is to achieve a comprehensive reform of ins
8、titutional guarantees for objectives of build a well-off society, the smooth progress of the construction of a well-off society and reform the objectives of the programme. One, holding time and place importance on November 9, 2013 to the 18 session of the 12th Beijing since 1978, 35, have been 7 ple
9、nary session, each time on major issues of political and economic life of the country has made important deployment. In accordance with PRC political practice, often at every session of the CPC Central Committee in a plenary session was held immediately after the partys Congress, on the theme person
10、nel, discussing election Centrals top leaders, such as the election of the Standing Committee of the political Bureau, through the Central Committee members, decisions, such as members of the Central Military Commission. The second plenary session, is held in two sessions before the general election
11、, mainly to discuss a new State personnel issues. But by the third焊条电弧焊与电弧切割设备的基本结构和工作原理图36焊机分类 焊条电弧焊所用焊机按电源的种类可分为交流弧焊机和直流弧焊机两大类。其中直流弧焊机按变流的方式不同又分为：弧焊整流器、逆变弧焊机和旋转式直流弧焊发电机(现已淘汰)等。每一类型的焊机根据原理和结构特点又可分为多种型式，具体见图36 一、交流弧焊机 (一)结构 交流弧焊机的三个类别的结构分别如图37图39所示。图37 BX1330交流弧焊机1初级绕组；2、3次级绕组；4动铁芯；5静铁芯；6接线板；7摇把图38
12、BX2500型(同体式)焊机结构示意图1固定铁心 2初级绕组 3次级绕组 4电抗线圈 5活动铁心图39 BX3300型(动圈式)焊机结构示意图1初级线圈 2次级线圈 3铁心 (二)工作原理 目前应用最广泛的“动铁式”交流焊机如图37所示。它是一个结构特殊的降压变压器，属于动铁芯漏磁式类型。焊机的空载电压为6070V。工作电压为30V，电流调节范围为50450A。铁芯由两侧的静铁芯5和中间的动铁芯4组成，变压器的次级绕组分成两部分，一部分紧绕在初级绕组1的外部，另一部分绕在铁芯的另一侧。前一部分起建立电压的作用，后一部分相当于电感线圈。焊接时，电感线圈的感抗电压降使电焊机获得较低的工作电压，这是
13、电焊机具有陡降外特性的原因。引弧时，电焊机能供给较高的电压和较小的电流，当电弧稳定燃烧时，电流增大，而电压急剧降低；当焊条与工件短路时，也限制了短路电流。 焊接电流调节分为粗调、细调两档。电流的细调靠移动铁芯4改变变压器的漏磁来实现。向外移动铁芯，磁阻增大，漏磁减小，则电流增大，反之，则电流减少。电流的粗调靠改变次级绕组的匝数来实现。 该电弧焊机的工作条件为应在海拔不超过1000m，周围空气温度不超过+40、空气相对湿度不超过85等条件下使用，不应在有害工业气体、水蒸汽、易燃、多灰尘的场合下工作。 二、直流弧焊机 (一)结构 由于整流或直流弧焊机与直流弧焊发电机比较，因没有机械旋转部分，具有噪
14、音小，空载损耗小、效率高、成本低和制造维护简单等优点。因此，有取代直流弧焊发电机的趋势，在这里只介绍整流式直流弧焊机。整流式直流弧焊机常用型号如ZXG300、ZXG400等。硅整流电弧焊机是利用硅半导体整流元件(二极管)将交流电变为直流电作为焊接电源。图310为硅整流电弧焊机的结构示意图。图310 硅整流电弧焊机1硅整流器组 2三相变压器 3三相磁饱和电抗器 4输出电抗器 5通风机组 (二)工作原理 工作原理见图311。接通开关K1，通风机组FM运转，风压开关KEY闭合，主接触器Jc-1闭合，三相弧焊变压器B1工作。与此同时Jc-2闭合，控制变压器B2工作，磁放大器运行，硅整流器工作，输出一定
15、的直流电压，这就是焊机的空载电压。由于没有焊接电流，磁放大器的电抗绕组FD电抗压降几乎为零，使焊机输出端具有较高的空载电压，便于引弧。当施焊时，由于有输出，形成电流，电抗绕组FD通过交流电，使其得到较大的电抗压降，并随电流的增大，电抗压降随之增大，从而得到陡降外特性。当短路时，由于短路电流很大，FD通过的交流电急增，它产生的电抗压降使工作电压几乎接近于零，这就限制了短路电流。图311 ZXG300型硅整流电焊机电气原理图 改变控制回路磁盘电阻R10，使磁放大器控制绕组FK中直流电发生变化，铁芯中的磁通就相应发生变化，从而改变了磁放大器交流绕组FD的电流。为减少网路电压波动对焊接的影响，在控制回
16、路中采用了铁磁谐振式稳压器，以保证激磁电流的稳定，减少对焊接电流的影响。 按动K2，通风机组FM停止工作，风压开关KEY开启，主接触器Jc-1断开，主回路断电。同时Jc-2断开，控制回路断电，焊机全部停止工作。 焊接电流的调节依靠面板上的电流调节控制器，来改变磁放大器控制或线圈中直流电大小使铁芯中的磁通发生相应变化，从而调整了焊接电流的大小。热将接线板烧毁或使由焊钳过热而无法工作。 三、负载持续率 焊接设备铭牌中都标有负载持续率。负载持续率是用来表示焊接设备工作状态的参数，它是在选定的工作时间周期内允许焊接设备连续负载的时间。 众所周知，焊接设备工作时会发热，温升过高会把焊接设备的线包绝缘烧毁
17、(一般焊接设备的温度不得超过6080)。温升与焊接电流大小有关，同时也与焊机使用状态有关，连续运转与断续使用时温升情况不一样。 负载持续率计算方法如下： 标准规定：500A以下的焊接设备选定的工作时间周期为5分钟。计算时，每个5分钟内测出电弧燃烧时间，代入式中即得出焊机负载持续率。 表33和表34给出了交流弧焊机BX3一300的负载持续率和硅整流弧焊机ZXG一300的负载持续率及相应的工作电流。表33 BX3300交流弧焊机负载持续率负载持续率()焊接电流(A)10060230300表34 ZXG300硅整流弧焊机负载持续率负载持续率()焊接电流(A)10060232300 四、焊机的外特性
18、在规定范围内，焊机稳态输出电流和输出电压的关系称为焊机的外特性。焊机的外特性如图312所示。 焊机外特性有三种形式：即下降特性(陡降、缓降)、平特性和上升特性。由于熔滴过渡和热惯性以及操作等原因，焊接时电弧长度总是在不断的变化，因而电弧电压和焊接电流也在不断地变化。为保证焊接质量稳定，总希望焊接过程中焊接电流变动越小越好。从图313可以看出，具有陡降外特性的焊机和缓降外特性的焊机，当焊接电流发生相应的变化值I时，陡降外特性曲线引起的电压变化值U2大于缓降外特性曲线引起的电压变化值U1。换句话说，对于相同的弧长变化，陡降外特性焊机所引起的电流变化要比缓降外特性焊机所引起的焊接电流变化小得多。焊条
19、电弧焊过程中，弧长变化是经常发生的，为了保证焊接电流稳定，显然要求焊机具有陡降的外特性。图312 焊机外特性曲线1陡降外特性曲线 2缓降外特性曲线 3上升特性曲线 4乎特性曲线图313 两种不同下降程度的外特性曲线1缓降外特性曲线 2陡降外特性曲线 五、焊条电弧焊辅助设备和工具 焊条电弧焊辅助设备和工具包括电焊钳、焊接电缆、面罩及其它防护用具。 (一)电焊钳 电焊钳是夹持焊条并传导焊接电流的操作器具。对电焊钳的要求是：在任何斜度都能夹紧焊条；具有可靠的绝缘和良好的隔热性能；电缆的橡胶包皮应伸入到钳柄内部，使导体不外露，起到屏护作用；轻便、易于操作。电焊钳的规格和主要技术数据见表35。表35 电
20、焊钳的规格和主要技术数据规格(A)额定值适用焊条直径(mm)耐电压性能(Vmin)能连接的最大电缆截面(mm2)负载持续率()工作电压(V)工作电流(A)50060405004.08.010009530060323002.55.910005010060261602.04.0100035 (二)焊接电缆 焊条电弧焊在工作中除焊接设备外，还必须有焊接电缆。焊接电缆应采用橡皮绝缘多股软电缆，根据焊机的容量，选取适当的电缆截面，选取时可参考表36。如果焊机距焊接工作点较远，需要较长电缆时，应当加大电缆截面积使在焊接电缆上的电压降不超过4V，以保证引弧容易及电弧燃烧稳定。不允许用扁铁搭接或其它办法来代替
21、连接焊接的电缆，以免因接触不良而使回路上的压降过大，造成引弧困难和焊接电弧的不稳定。表36 焊接电缆选用表最大焊接电流(A)200300450600焊接电缆截面积(mm2)25507095 焊机和焊接手柄与焊接电缆的接头必须拧紧，表面应保持清洁，以保证其良好的导电性能。不良的接触会损耗电能，还会导致焊机过热将接线板烧毁或使电焊钳过热而无法工作。 (三)面罩及其它防护用具 面罩的主要作用是保护电焊工的眼睛和面部不受电弧光的辐射和灼伤，面罩分手持式和头盔式两种。面罩上的护目玻璃起到减弱电弧光并过滤红外线、紫外线的作用。护目玻璃有不同色号、目前以黑绿色的为多，应根据电焊工的年龄和视力情况尽量选择颜色
22、较深的护目玻璃以保护视力。护目玻璃外还加有相同尺寸的一般玻璃，以防金属飞溅沾污护目玻璃。焊工用护目遮光镜片的选用可按表118进行。 其它防护用品有电焊工在工作时需佩带的专用电焊手套和护脚，以及清渣时应戴的平光眼镜。 六、交流弧焊机与直流弧焊机的比较 交流弧焊机的主要优点是成本低、制造维护简单，噪声较小；缺点是不能适应碱性焊条，且焊接电压、电流容易受到电网波动的干扰。直流弧焊机的优点是电弧稳定，焊条适应性强；缺点是成本较高，制造维修较复杂，重量较重。但由于优点明显，直流弧焊机是大有前途的电焊机。表37列出了两类焊机的性能比较。表37 两类焊机比较项 目直流弧焊机交流弧焊机电弧稳定性高低极性可换性
23、有无构造与维修稍复杂简 单工作时噪声很 少较 小供电方式一般为三相供电一般为单相供电触电危险性较 小较 大功率因数较 高较 低耗能指数小较 大成本较 高低重 量较 轻轻plenary session, each session of the Central Committee of national institutions and personnel problems have been arranged, you can concentrate on national development and reforms. Previous plenary session is often br
24、anded with a central leading collective, often by looking at the third plenum of the initiative to found the current central leadership collective governance characteristics. From the analysis of the process of economic reform in China, plenary session, 12 session, 14, 16 plenary session have progra
25、mmatic meaning, respectively, marking the four stages of Chinas economic reform, and that the start-up phase of reform, reform, construction phase and perfecting the Socialist market economy framework stage of socialist market economy. Previous plenary session topics proposed to the third plenary se
26、ssion of taking class struggle as the key link, shifted to socialist modernization; 12 session marked the change from rural to urban, established with public ownership as the Foundation of a planned commodity economy; 13 session at a time when both the old and the new system change, governance and r
27、ectify the economic order; 14 . Fair and efficient and authoritative Socialist judicial system, safeguard the peoples interests. Legal authority to uphold the Constitution, deepening the reform of administrative law enforcement, ensure that the right to exercise judicial power independently and impa
28、rtially according to law the prosecution, perfecting the running mechanism of judicial power, improve the system of judicial protection of human rights. Plenary session, Affairs the right to adhere to the system, and let the people authority to let the power run in the Sun, is shut up in a cage of t
29、he system power policy. Decision Science, implementation should be constructed strong, supervise the running of powerful system, improve the system of punishing and preventing corruption, promoting political integrity, and strive to achieve cadres honest and Government integrity, clean politics. To
30、form a scientific and effective coordination of power restriction and mechanisms to strengthen anti-corruption institutional innovation and institutional protection, sound improvement style normal system. Plenary session, building a socialist culture in China, enhancing national cultural soft power,
31、 must adhere to the orientation of advanced Socialist culture, adhere to the development of Socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, adhere to the people-centred work-oriented, further deepening reform of culture. To improve the cultural management system, establish and improve the modern mar
32、ket system and building modern public cultural service system, improve the level of culture opening. Plenary session, achieving development results more equitable benefit of all people, we must speed up reform of social programs and solve the issues of concern to the people the most direct and real interest, and better meet the needs of the people. To deepen education reform, improve institutional mechanisms for the
