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1、本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译译文：ASP的起源和web标准1.ASP的起源对于ASP模式和ASP企业起源的研究可以从两个方面入手，一个是从业务和技术的角度，从ASP业务构成的发展历史来进行研究；另一个是从组织机构发展的角度，来研究目前ASP企业的由来和演化过程。将上述发展阶段综合起来，简单的说，目前的ASP提供商的历史和发展道路可以简单的描述为：第一类，从过去的ISP发展起来，围绕基础设施和通讯功能，与软件厂商合作，增加业务范围，发展到现在的IDC（互联网数据中心）；第二类，过去的ISV（独立软件提供商）和VAR（增值服务转售商），在互联网时代，改变过去的营销方式，
2、将过去以软件产品的出售为主转向以使用权租赁为主，从物理载体的打包封装方式转向现在在线和远程运行方式为主，通过与网络运营商的合作，实现向ASP的转型；第三类，传统的大型组织的IT服务部门和传统的咨询公司，在对于互联网的深刻认识的基础上，依靠长期的经验，开始为其他客户进行系统方案的设计和实施，通过建立在与网络运行商和应用软件制造商之间的联盟关系，实现以系统集成商身份出现的ASP提供商。2. ASP的发展历史与分类从目前来看，ASP作为一种模式的正式诞生和提出只是在1998年底到1999年初之间的事情。而很大程度上直到1999年末到2000年初，ASP领域相关公司在资本市场上的突出表现才引起了人们的
3、广泛关注。实际上从ASP模式的内涵和本质上讲，并不是全新的事物，而是曾经有过的模式，在互联网时代被赋予了新的生命力。在本节中，我们将回顾ASP产生发展演变的过程，以帮助更好的深入理解ASP的本质。在最后，我们将集中介绍目前ASP领域内企业从不同标准进行划分的情况。3. ASP模式的发展基础ASP作为一个崭新的概念，它的提出和成形不过是半年多的时间，但在美国及其它IT产业快速发展的国家，ASP正成为主导电子商务未来的一种新兴业务模式，ASP产生和发展的前提条件主要基于以下IT技术的成熟:Internet的普及：Internet逐步深入人们生活，大量的基于Web的解决方案不断涌现，这些都使得远程的
4、基于主机的应用方案成为可能；带宽不断增大和价格不断下降：增长的通信性能和持续减少的带宽费用，使主机上的应用程序可以通过Internet和瘦客户机来访问；客户机/服务器环境下的可共享应用：在ASP概念中的远程访问，用户早已经在客户机/服务器环境下习以为常,这使得远程访问和共享应用成为可接受的一种业务模式；浏览器成为广泛接受的图形界面应用程序：浏览器技术的广泛应用及开发为基于Web的计算和瘦客户机的计算聚集了足够的技术及人力资源，以及良好的用户基础； 电子商务解决方案的潜力：先进的电子商务解决方案，与ASP的概念一起分享了许多棘手的业务和技术问题，例如系统的安全性和可靠性。所以，电子商务的巨大动力
5、也在推动ASP的前进。4. Web标准Web 标准是一些规范的集合，是由 W3C 和其他的标准化组织共同制定的，以用它来创建和解释基于 Web 的内容。这些规范是专门为了那些在网上发布的可向后兼容的文档所设计，使其能够被大多数人所访问。一些 Web 开发人员和 Web 设计师对使用 Web 标准持抵触态度。普遍的看法是它太难了，不管它是怎么运作，我使用的那些软件总会创建出一些不规范的代码。.学习新的技术并放弃您所熟知的技术，这很容易引起情绪上的反感，并产生抵触的情绪。然而，如果您很理智的观察一下现在的形势，将会发现，通过学习和使用Web标准会得到许多好处。举几个例子：l 更简易的开发与维护:
6、使用更具有语义和结构化的 HTML，将让您更加容易、快速的理解他人编写的代码。 l 与未来浏览器的兼容: 当您使用已定义的标准和规范的代码，那么您这个向后兼容的文本就消除了不能被未来的浏览器识别的后患。 l 更快的网页下载、读取速度: 更少的 HTML 代码带来的将是更小的文件和更快的下载速度。如今的浏览器当处于标准模式下将比它在向下兼容模式下拥有更快的网页读取速度。 l 更好的可访问性: 语义化的HTML（结构和表现相分离）将让使用读屏器以及不同的浏览设备的读者都能很容易的看到内容。 l 更高的搜索引擎排名: 内容和表现的分离使内容成为了一个文本的主体。与语义化的标记结合会提高您在搜索引擎中
7、的排名。 l 更好的适应性: 一个用语义化标记的文档可以很好的适应于打印和其他的显示设备（像掌上电脑和智能电话），这一切仅仅是通过链接不同的 CSS 文件就可以完成。你同样可以仅仅通过编辑单独的一个文件就完成跨站点般的表现上的转换。 Web 标准可以为网站的创建者节省时间与金钱，还可以为网站的浏览者提供一个更好的体验。此外，Web 标准是未来的发展方向。如果你还没有使用 Web 标准，那么现在应该开始动手了，否则你会落伍的。5. 中国ASP市场概况2000年，中国ASP市场的总销售额是3300万美元，约占全球总销售额的0.3%。IDC预计，2000年到2004年大中国区ASP市场的年平均增长率
8、是64%，到2004年，大中国区ASP市场的容量将达到2.43亿美元。IDC认为，中国ASP市场在2000年年初时开始萌芽，现在仍然是一个不成熟的初期市场，其表现为市场上存在着为数不少的中小型以应用服务为主的公司，主要是那些传统的独立软件开发商、系统集成商和.com公司。但这些公司在本身提供服务的能力和公司规模上都不具备太大的竞争力。我国的互联网发展在经历了狂热之后，今年开始趋于理智与规范。现在正是应该总结与调整网站产业发展道路的时候，我们为此需要重新思考与认识互联网本身的特性与优势。其高效、简捷、个性化、资源共享、跨越时空以及相对低廉的成本等特性，是它得以高速发展的原动力。现阶段，那些以提供
9、应用服务为主的公司仍然面临着挑战。首先，在非IT行业中，销售应用服务这种模式还远远没有被大众所接受，因为大多数的传统行业还没有认识到ASP方式可以给他们带来利益；其次，如何将应用程序以一种类似于整体解决方案的方式来销售、如何制订价格体系都是ASP厂商所面临的重要问题; 最后，如何通过提供应用程序服务及传统的软件销售模式来参与竞争，也是中国ASP们应该认真思考的问题。而当前，大多数的网站的运营原则与上述互联网的优势和特性相距甚远，网站的操作思路似乎仍然停留在旧时代的经营模式与经营理念之中。但同时，中国市场的现状是企业间竞争不断加剧、电子商务迅速发展以及数以千万计的中小型企业都普遍缺乏资金和训练有
10、素的职业IT人员，这些原因也会促进ASP这种模式在中国的发展。这种模式的网站规模也如同大型企业或大型公司，可以说麻雀虽小、五脏俱全。 相信在不久的将来，内容制作及客户服务将会成为网站的一项关键性的工作。即使在内容制作方面，也不必使人员完全固定和集中。最新出现的技术已使我们可以直接在互联网上瞬间完成网页的组织、交流、合成与移植，网站公司中的庞大行政与人事管理机构将不复存在；随着社会的进步，人类生活将与互联网息息相关，网站公司将不需要投入大量的人力及巨额资金进行铺天盖地、推销到户式的宣传；而中国企业选择ASP厂商时重点考虑的因素也集中在数据安全性保证、专业IT人员的素质等方面。同时，由于对ASP这
11、种新的服务形式信心不足，对ASP厂商信誉度的依赖也是一个相当普遍的现象。排在这些因素之后的选择因素还包括价格、实施速度和应用程序的可扩展性等。但是我们正在期待的，即将发展起来的ASP服务事业，将为网站建设提供模块组合式的系统集成服务。它甚至可以使个人建立功能完善的主页而无需涉足任何技术开发。所以网站运作从此就可以摆脱庞大的技术开发与维护机构，这是未来ASP的发展方向及市场的趋势。如果我们把它说成是使未来网站事业全盘皆活的钥匙，那将一点都不言过其实。IDC认为，在今后的两年中，中国的ASP市场会逐步走向成熟，也势必会淘汰一批商业模式不清或本身能力较差的公司，到2003年，中国ASP市场将呈现出稳
12、步增长的趋势。而协同应用软件市场、垂直行业ASP市场、SCM 应用软件市场、CRM应用软件市场则将是在今后两年中发展较快、拥有较多商业机会的领域。 原文：The developing history of ASP and Web standardsThe first. Origin of ASP The research to ASP mode and ASP enterprises origin can proceed with two respects , one to in terms of business and technology , is it carry on researc
13、h to come from ASP developing history that business commit; Another one is studies the origins of ASP enterprises and evolution course at present in terms of organizations development.Whether stand up synthetically above-mentioned developing stage, to put it briefly, present ASP history and developm
14、ent path of provider can simple to describe as:The first, developed from the past ISP, rounded the infrastructure and communication function, cooperate with software manufacturer, increase the business scope, develop into the present IDC (the data centre of Internet)；The second，the past ISV (indepen
15、dent software provider ) and VAR (the trader that resells value-added service ), at Internet age , changed the marketing way in the past , would rely mainly on sale of the software product to change direction to rely mainly on the fact that right to use is leased in the past, bale from physics carri
16、er encapsulation way change direction and long-range operation way main fact now, through the cooperation with network operator , realize the transition to ASP；The third ，IT service departments and traditional advisory companies of traditional large- scale organization, at the foundation known deepl
17、y in Internet , depend on long-term experience, is it carry on systematic design and implementation of scheme for other customer to begin, through establish in with trader who operates network and alliance relation between the application software manufacturer, realize the ASP provider that appears
18、in the capacity of system integration trader.The second. The developing history and classification of ASP Seen from the present, ASP is as emerging and proposing formally it is only a thing from the end of 1998 to the beginning of 1999 of a kind of mode. And until from the end of 1999 to the beginni
19、ng of 2000 to a great extent, ASP field relevant outstanding behaviours at the capital market of Company just cause peoples extensive concern. In fact speaking from the intension and essence of ASP mode, it is not the brand-new things, but the mode that had once had, has been given the new vitality
20、at Internet age. During this festival, we will review the course that ASP produce development and develop, in order to help the essence of better deep understanding ASP. At the end, we will concentrate on introducing the situation which enterprises divide from different standards in ASP field at pre
21、sent. The third. The development foundation of ASP mode ASP as one brand-new concept, proposition and it takes shape to be just time for more than half a year of it, but in U.S.A. and other fast-developing countries of IT industry, ASP is becoming a kind of new developing business mode of leading e-
22、commerce in the future, main maturity based on following IT technology of precondition that ASP produces and develops: Popularization of Internet: Internet deepens peoples life progressively , a large number of solutions based on Web are emerging constantly, all these make long-range application sch
23、eme based on host computer become possible; The bandwidth is increasing and dropping with the price constantly constantly: Communication performance and bandwidth expenses reduced continuously increased, make the application program at the host computer able to visit through Internet and tight clien
24、t; Whether client / server can use by sharing under the environment. The remote access in ASP concept , users have already been accustomed to under the enviroment of client / the server, this make remote access and is it is it become acceptable first business mode to use to share; The browser become
25、s figure interface application program accepting extensively: The wide application and development of the technology of the browser have gathered enough technology and human resources for the calculation based on the calculation of Web and thin client, and good user s foundation; Potentiality of e-c
26、ommerce solution: Advanced e-commerce solution, has shared a lot of thorny business and technological question together with concept of ASP, such as systematic security and dependability. So, the enormous motive force of e-commerce is promoting the advancing of ASP.THE forth.What are web standards?W
27、eb standards are technologies, established by the W3C and other standards bodies, that are used to create and interpret web-based content. These technologies are designed to future-proof documents published on the Web and to make those documents accessible to as many people and devices as possible.S
28、ome web developers and web designers have a resistance towards using web standards. Common arguments are Its too difficult, It works anyway, and The tools I use create invalid code.Its easy to react emotionally and build up a resistance towards learning something new and abandoning techniques you kn
29、ow and feel comfortable with. However, if you look at the situation logically you will see that there are many benefits to learning and using web standards. Here are a few:l Simpler development and maintenance: Using more semantic and structured HTML makes it much easier and quicker to understand co
30、de created by somebody else. You will also thank yourself when you need to change something in your own code months or years after you first wrote it. l Compatibility with future web browsers: When you use defined standards and valid code you future-proof your documents by reducing the risk of futur
31、e web browsers not being able to understand the code you have used. l Faster download and rendering of web pages: Using CSS for presentation tends to make HTML documents leaner, which means quicker downloads for your visitors. l Better accessibility: Semantic HTML, where structure is separated from
32、presentation, makes it easier for screen readers and alternative browsing devices to correctly interpret the content. l Better search engine rankings: The separation of content and presentation makes the content represent a larger part of the total file size. Combined with semantic markup this gener
33、ally improves search engine rankings. Simpler adaptation: A semantically marked up document can be easily adapted to print and alternative browsing devices, like handheld computers and cellular phones, just by linking to a different CSS file. You can also make site-wide changes to presentation by ed
34、iting a single file. Using web standards saves time and money for website creators and in general provides a better experience to the websites visitors.THE fifth. China ASP markets overview In 2000, the total sales amount of China ASP market was 33 million dollars, accounted for 0.3% of global total
35、 sales amount. IDC is expected, the annual average rate of increase of the large China district ASP market will be 64% from 2000 to 2004, by 2004, the capacity of the large China district ASP market will reach 243 million dollars. China ASP market began to sprout when the beginning of 2000, remains
36、the market for an unripe initial stage now, it show as the market store medium and small-scale specializing in using and serving Company that comes up to a large number in, it is mainly those traditional independent software developers , system integration trader and .com Company. But company these
37、possess heavy competitiveness too at ability and Company scale that itself provide service. Internet of our country develops after going through fanatically, begins to tend towards reason and norm this year. It is exactly while summarizing and adjusting websites industrys development path now, we ne
38、ed to think and know Internets own characteristic and advantage again for this. Its characteristics, such as high-efficient, simple and direct, individualized, resource-sharing, crossing over space-time and relatively cheap cost, etc., it is the motive power that it must use high-speed development.
39、At the present, those companies specializing in offering service of using still face the challenge. First of all, in among being IT trade, is it is it serve these kind of mode far accept by masses even to use to sell, because most traditional trades have not realized yet that ASP way can bring the i
40、nterests to them; Secondly, how to sell the application program in a kind of way which is similar to the whole solution, it is all important problems that ASP manufacturers face how to make pricing system; Finally, how be through offer application program service and traditional software sell mode p
41、articipate in the competition, it is a question that China ASP should be pondered deeply too. And at present, the operation principles of most websites are remote from above-mentioned advantage and characteristic in Internet, the trains of thought of operation of websites seem that still stays in ma
42、nagement mode and management theory in old era. But at the same time, the current situation of the Chinese market is that the competition is being aggravated constantly among enterprises, e-commerce is developed rapidly and ten millions of small and medium enterprises all generally lack the fund and
43、 well-trained job IT personnel, these reasons will promote the development in China of this kind of mode of ASP too. The scale of website of this kind of mode is like large-scale enterprises or large-scale company too, we can say although the sparrow is small, the five internal organs are available.
44、 A key job of believing that in the near future , the content will be made and the customer service will become websites. Even make the respect in the content, neednt make personnel totally regular and centralized either. The most emerging technology has already made us able to finish the organizati
45、on, exchange of the webpage, format and transplanting in the twinkling of an eye on Internet directly, the huge administration in websites company and personnel management organization will have passed out of existence; With the progress of the society, human life will be closely linked with Interne
46、t , website company is it invest a large amount of manpower and huge fund is it cover the sky and the earth , promote get households of propaganda of type to go on to need; And Chinese enterprise choose factor that ASP consider especially at the manufacturer concentrate on data security guarantee ,
47、professional IT quality respect of personnel too. Meanwhile, because such new service form confidence insufficient to ASP, reliance of degree one quite general phenomenon too to ASP manufacturer prestige. Rank choice factor after the factor these include the price , implement speed and expansibility
48、 of application program ,etc. also. But we are looking forward to, ASP service business that will be developed soon, will offer sectional system integration of the module service for websites construction. It can make individual set up homepage with perfect function need to set foot in any technolog
49、ical development even. So website operation can get rid of huge technological development and maintain organization from then on, this is the developing direction of ASP and trend of the market in the future. If we call it as making the undertaking totally all living key of websites to the future, that will not exaggerate at all. IDC thinks that in two years in the future, ASP market of China will move to maturity progressively, certainly
