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1、阅读理解考研英语一真题 阅读理解考研英语一真题1Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britains National Health Service (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in the world. The potential of
2、this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which han
3、ded over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 20XX on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients rights and their expectations of privacy.DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS trust has mended its ways. Further arrangements- and there may be many
4、-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessary permissions have been asked of patients and all unnecessary data has been cleaned. There are lessons about informed patient consent to learn. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most
5、important. Ms Denham chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust, since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed it. But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.The great
6、 question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to an individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only
7、 when it is compared with the data of countless millions more.The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. This practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives.
8、What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale that dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharm has done. We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices n
9、ow may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism. Ms Denhams report is a welcome start.31.Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?A It caused conflicts among tech giants.B It failed to pay due attention to p
10、atients rights.C It fell short of the latters expectationsD It put both sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS trust responded to Denhams verdict withA empty promises.B tough resistance.C necessary adjustments.D sincere apologies.33.The author argues in Paragraph 2 thatA privacy protection mus
11、t be secured at all costs.B leaking patients data is worse than selling it.C making profits from patients data is illegal.D the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph, the real worry arising from this deal isA the vicious rivalry among big pharmas.B the ineff
12、ective enforcement of privacy law.C the uncontrolled use of new software.D the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35.The authors attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare isA ambiguous.B cautious.C appreciative.D contemptuous.阅读理解考研英语一真题2Text 3The journal Science is adding an extra source
13、 at Peer-review process, editor-in-chief Marcia McNott announced today. The Follows similar efforts from other journals, after widespread concern that Mistakes in data analysis are contributing to the Published research findings.Readers must have confidence in the conclusions published in our journa
14、l,writes McNutt in an editorial. Working with the American Statistical Association, the Journal has appointed seven experts to a statistics board of reviewing Manuscript will be flagged up for additional scrutiny by the Journals editors, or by its existing Board of Reviewing Editors or by outside pe
15、er The SBoRE panel will then find external statisticians to review theseAsked whether any particular papers had impelled the change, McNutt said,The creation of thestatistics boardwas motivated by concerns broadly with the application of statistics and data analysis in scientific research and is par
16、t of Sciences overall drive to increase reproducibility in the research we publish.Giovanni Parmigiani，a biostatistician at the Harvard School of Public Health, a member of the SBoRE group, says he expects the board to play primarily on advisory role. He agreed to join because he found the foresight
17、 behind the establishment of the SBoRE to be novel, unique and likely to have a lasting impact. This impact will not only be through the publications in Science itself, but hopefully through a larger group of publishing places that may want to model their approach after Science.John Ioannidis, a phy
18、sician who studies research methodology, says that the policy is a most welcome step forwardand long overdue,Most journals are weak in statistical review，and this damages the quality of what they publish. I think that, for the majority of scientific papers nowadays, statistical review is more essent
19、ial than expert review,he says. But he noted that biomedical journals such as Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association and The Lancet pay strong attention to statistical review.Professional scientists are expected to know how to analyze data, but statistical error
20、s are alarmingly common in published research，according to David Vaux，a cell biologist. Researchers should improve their standards, he wrote in 20XX，but journals should also take a tougher line，engaging reviewers who are statistically literate and editors who can verify the process.Vaux says that Sc
21、iences idea to pass some papers to statisticians has some merit，but a weakness is that it relies on the board of reviewing editors to identifythe papers that need scrutinyin the first place.31. It can be learned from Paragraph I thatA Science intends to simplify its peer-review process.Bjournals are
22、 strengthening their statistical checks.Cfew journals are blamed for mistakes in data analysis.Dlack of data analysis is common in research projects.32. The phrase flagged up (Para.2)is the closest in meaning toAfound.Brevised.CmarkedDstored33. Giovanni Parmigiani believes that the establishment of
23、the SBoRE mayApose a threat to all its peersBmeet with strong oppositionCincrease Sciences circulation.Dset an example for other journals34. David Vaux holds that what Science is doing nowA. adds to researchers worklosd.B. diminishes the role of reviewers.C. has room for further improvement.D. is to
24、 fail in the foreseeable future.35. Which of the following is the best title of the text?A. Science Joins Push to Screen Statistics in PapersB. Professional Statisticians Deserve More RespectC. Data Analysis Finds Its Way onto Editors DesksD. Statisticians Are Coming Back with Science阅读理解考研英语一真题3Tex
25、t 3The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media such as television commercials and print advertisements still play a major role， companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a prod
26、uct may create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media.Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting their own products. For earned
27、 media ， such marketers act as the initiator for users responses. But in some cases， one marketers owned media become another marketers paid media for instance， when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strong that other
28、organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment. This trend ，which we believe is still in its infancy， effectively began with retailers and travel providers such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson Johnson， for example， has created BabyCenter，
29、 a stand-alone media property that promotes complementary and even competitive products. Besides generating income， the presence of other marketers makes the site seem objective， gives companies opportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies marketing， and may help e
30、xpand user traffic for all companies concerned.The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker， more visible， and much more damaging wa
31、ys. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media： an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers， other stakeholders， or activists who make negative allegations about a brand or product. Members of social networks， for instance， are learning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on
32、 the businesses that originally created them.If that happens， passionate consumers would try to persuade others to boycott products， putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case， the companys response may not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful， and the learning curve has bee
33、n steep. Toyota Motor， for example， alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign， which included efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social-news site Digg.31.
34、Consumers may create “earned” media when they areA obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.B inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.C eager to help their friends promote quality products.D enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.32. According to Paragraph 2，sol
35、d media featureA a safe business environment.B random competition.C strong user traffic.D flexibility in organization.33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned mediaA invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.B can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.C may be respons
36、ible for fiercer competition.D deserve all the negative comments about them.34. Toyota Motors experience is cited as an example ofA responding effectively to hijacked media.B persuading customers into boycotting products.C cooperating with supportive consumers.D taking advantage of hijacked media.35
37、. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?A Alternatives to conventional paid media.B Conflict between hijacked and earned media.C Dominance of hijacked media.D Popularity of owned media.阅读理解考研英语一真题4Text 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the ran
38、ge of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldnt we?
39、 Take a broader look at our species place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years (see 100,000 AD: Living in the deep future). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCNs Red List of threatened species, and you will r
40、ead: Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about tha
41、t question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invited to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is de
42、signed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea that we should recognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanitys impact will be on the planet - i
43、n the context of stratigraphic time.Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of todays technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and its perhaps best left to science-fiction wri
44、ters and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. Thats one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key
45、 to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more
46、likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking a
47、bout our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future worth living in.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for ares of fulfillmentB our faith in science and techedC our awareness of potential risksD our bdief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings onA a sustained speciesB the words deminant powerC a threat to the environmentD a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studie
