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1、托福阅读第二讲托福阅读长难句,本节课授课目标,1.句子的主要成分2.句子之间的逻辑关系3.长难句综合分析4.句子简化题的标识和出题形式5.解答句子简化题,句子的主干,句子的主干指的是句子的核心信息。包括句子的主要成分和主要的逻辑关系。长难句各个成分的识别：,定语从句,Over long periods of time,substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provid
2、e a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime,sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.,定语从句,The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expansion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.,名词性从句,In lowland country almos
3、t any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since become buried by soil;if they are now below the waters upper surface(the water table),the gravels and sands of the former riverbed,and its sandbars,will be saturated with groundwater.,名词性从句,One of the most difficult
4、 aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.,名词性从句,Western Farmers borrowed with theconfident expectation that the expandingeconomy would keep far
5、m prices high,thus making it easy to repay loans whenthey fell due.,状语从句,In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that,because they are based on physical laws,have changed little since people first discovered th
6、emeven while building materials have changed dramatically.,状语从句,Immediately adjacent to the timberline,the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs,herbs,and grasses,while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mos
7、ses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants.,非谓语动词,With climax,biome,superorganism,and various other technical terms for the association of animals and plants at a given locality being criticized,the term ecosystem was more and more widely adopted for the whole system of associated organisms t
8、ogether with the physical factors of their environment.,n.+to do/ed/ing/介词短语attempts to link images with recorded soundcrops raised by western farmerspumps extracting water from watertableassociations of plants and animals at a given locality,插入语等其他结构,just as had many previous attempts,dating well b
9、ack before the First World War,to link images with recorded sound.,of,One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability of the climate.,倒装句式,O
10、nly when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.Among the key factors behind this growth were increased agricultural productivity and an expansion of trade.,划出定语(后置)定语从句 状语（地点 时间 程度副词）插入语剩下的部分，主要是：主语谓语宾语,举例,Over long periods of time,substances whos
11、e physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a continuous record of changes in those properties overtime,sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.,The sheer scale of the investment it took to begin commercial expan
12、sion at sea reflects the immensity of the profits that such East-West trade could create.,夜晚需要宁静花蕾需要更充足丰富的营养，才能释放美丽的花朵释放与吸收，选对时间了吗？背负选择求知欲，平静，不安被黑星星追赶遇见一扇门，冲进，紧锁着夹住了黑星星的手门缝中露出了黑色的手指甲换取暂且的安全,主要的逻辑关系,因果常见标志：because,because of,since,for,as,due to,owing to,in that,so,so that,as a result,therefore,thereb
13、y,hence,consequently,cause，lead to，result infrom,因果关系,隐含标志：accordingly，give rise to，produce，spark，come from，be attributable to，be responsive to，reflect，suggest，show，imply，demonstrate，contribute to,be responsible for,account for,Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the
14、larger society because they transmit,mediate,and interpret a societys cultural patterns and provide the sense of oneness so critical for social solidarity.,社会学家认为主要团体是个人和社会之间的桥梁,因为主要团体传播和解释社会文 化模式,并为社会提供统一意识,这对社会的团结是十分重要的。,比较,常见标志：对象A比较级对象B 同级比较“差异”:same,different，unlike，similar resemble“超越”:surpass
15、,exceed,transcend,excel.,Timberline trees are normally evergreens,suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees(those that lose their leaves)in the extreme environments of the upper timberline.,树带界线内通常是常绿树木,他们和处于上行树带界线处极端恶劣环境中生长的落叶树木相比,具有一定的优势。,转折,1.转折关系 but,however,yet(然而),on the c
16、ontrary,contrary to,contrarily,by(in)contrast(to),whereas,rather than,instead of,unlike,in fact(effect),actually弱转,conversely2.让步关系although,much as,though,even though(if),even,despite,in spite of,nevertheless,anyhow(anyway),as,while（虽然、尽管、即使）,still（尽管如此）,For example,some early societies ceased to co
17、nsider certain rites essential to their well-being and abandoned them,nevertheless,they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.,例如,一些早期社会的人们认为有的仪式对他们的幸福生活来说不再是必需品,
18、并且取 消了那些仪式。虽然如此,人们还是保留了那些口头传述 故事的传统并且热爱从这些仪式里 发展起来的神话,出于它们的艺术性,而不是宗教原因。,并列和递进,并列词：and（和）、as well as（也）、likewise（同样的）、while（与此同时）、similarly（类似地）、or（或者）、simultaneously（同时发生地）、meanwhile（同时）、in the meantime、neithernor,eitheror,not onlybut also,递进词：still、also、indeed、furthermore（进一步）、moreover（而且、此外）、even（
19、甚至、更）、besides(注意区分except),additionally,in addition,whats more,There are two principal influences that shape the terrain:constructive processes such as uplift,which create new landscape features,and destructive forces such as erosion,which gradually wear away exposed landforms.,主要有两种影响会改变地形:建设性的过程,如产
20、生新的地表特征的地壳隆起;和破坏性的力量,如缓慢清除突出地貌的地表侵蚀。,概述与详述,总分关系（举例&总结）举例：for example、for instance、such as、including,specifically总结：in sum，in general,overall,to sum up，on the whole,generally,Most engravings,for example,are best lit from the left,as befits the work of right-handed artists,who generally prefer to have
21、 the light source on the left so that the shadow of their hand does not fall on the tip of the engraving tool or brush.,例如,大多数时候都是从左侧照射雕刻比较好,这样适于右撇子艺术家工作,他们 通常喜欢将光源放在左侧以便自己手的投影不会落在雕刻工具或刷子的末端。,综合分析1,As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures
22、 disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。,综合分析1,As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to
23、 health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。,综合分析2,Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective,a strain of critical opinion in the 1920 s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty that would soon f
24、ade from sight,just as had many previous attempts,dating well back before the First World War,to link images with recorded sound.,综合分析2,Though it may be difficult to imagine from a later perspective,a strain of critical opinion in the 1920 s predicted that sound film would be a technical novelty tha
25、t would soon fade from sight,just as had many previous attempts,dating well back before the First World War,to link images with recorded sound.,尽管后来人很难理解,但在 20 世纪 20 年代,一种批判性的意见预言:有声电影是 一种将很快淡出公众视线的科技新事物,就像许多先前把图像和声音结合起来的尝试一样,这些尝试可以追溯到第一次世界大战。,综合分析3,The hypothesis that begging calls have evolved pro
26、perties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction:baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators.,综合分析3,The hypothesis
27、that begging calls have evolved properties that reduce their potential for attracting predators yields a prediction:baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by ne
28、st predators.,关于乞讨声发展演化出一些性质,能够降低幼鸟吸引捕食者的潜在危险的假说产生 出一个预言:那些被捕食频率较高的幼鸟种群应该比那些很少被捕食的种群产生出更柔 和的高频乞讨信号。,句子简化题出题样式,出题标志Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essen
29、tial information.,句子简化题解题步骤,1.寻找句子的主干成份2.寻找句子的逻辑关系3.分析选项错误选项特点：1.与原句矛盾未提及2.省略主要成分3.主宾颠倒，主次颠倒4.逻辑错误或逻辑颠倒,例1:Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees,as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes.(A)Because of their deformed shapes at high altitud
30、es,trees are not likely to be seriously harmed by the strong winds typical of those altitudes.(B)As altitude increases,the velocity of winds increases,leading to a serious decrease in the number of trees found at high altitudes.,(C)The deformed shapes of trees at high altitudes show that wind veloci
31、ty,which increases with altitude,can cause serious hardship for trees.(D)Increased wind velocity at high altitudes deforms the shapes of trees,and this may cause serious stress for trees.,例2:The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of
32、people affected,as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.(A)Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.,(B)Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because
33、of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.(C)The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.(D)Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is redu
34、ced in the vast areas affected.,In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose,architecture employs methods of support that,because they are based on physical laws,have changed little since people first discoveredthemeven while building materials have chang
35、ed dramatically.(A)Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.,(B)Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength,but physical laws of structure have not changed.(C)When people firs
36、t started to build,the structural methods used to provide strength and sizewere inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.(D)Unlike building materials,the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.,本节小结,1.什么是句子主干？句子主干包含哪些部分？2.能否识别长难句中的主要句子成分？3.什么是句子之间的逻辑关系？4.主要的逻辑关系有哪些？5.能否识别句子简化题？6.句子简化题的解题步骤？,
