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1、自然保育學 Sustainable development,鄭先祐(Ayo)國立 臺南大學 環境與生態學院生態科學與技術學系 教授,2,Contents,What is sustainable development?How successful are sustainable development projects at conserving biodiversity?How can we best promote sustainability?,3,What is sustainable development?,In the 1980s,the concept of sustainab
2、le development emerged as the means by which biodiversity and natural ecosystems would be saved while enabling humanity to continue to prosper.The concept was first promoted by the World Conservation Strategy(IUCN/UNEP/WWF 1980),a global conservation blueprint that grew from the United Nations Confe
3、rence on the Human Environment,held in Stockholm in 1972.,4,This report was followed by Our Common Future,also called the Brundtland Commission Report,followed by further elaborations made for and after the next two major United Nations conferences in Rio de Janiero in 1992 and in Johannesburg in 20
4、02.The Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and Johannesburg Plan of Implementation have been adopted by many governments and global institutions as a guide to environmentally compatible development.,5,What is sustainable development?,Despite three decades of discussion and practice,d
5、isagreement about what sustainable development can and does achieve continues.Sustainable development has been defined in many ways.(Table 16.1)Most definitions have been largely anthropocentric,focusing on human aspirations and well-being,with the natural environment providing the means by which th
6、is was to be accomplished.,6,Table 16.1 A list of common concepts included in definitions of sustainable development,What is to be sustainedNatureHuman communities(groups,places)What is to be developedPeople(child survival,life expectancy,health,food security,equity,education)Economy(living wage,wea
7、lth,consumption)Society(stabilized population,housing,institutional capacity,social capital,states,regions),7,Anthropocentric vs.biosphere initiative,Sustainable development is almost exclusively an anthropocentric concept,and moreover one that promotes continued and even expanded economic prosperit
8、y.Such definitions are utilitarian.The definitions do not promote biological sustainability for it own sake.The Ecological Society of America produced a“Sustainable Biosphere Initiative”in which a research agenda was proposed to help move the world toward sustainability.,8,Growth vs.development,Grow
9、th is a quantitative increase in the size of a systemDevelopment is a qualitative change in its complexity and configuration.An economic,social,political,or biophysical system can develop without growing,and thus can be sustainable.,9,How are sustainable development projects structured?,Sustainable
10、development efforts have many additional names,including integrated conservation and development projects(ICDP),community-based conservation(CBC),community adaptation and sustainable livelihoods(CASL)projects,sustainable use,compatible use,and sustainable practices.Sustainable agriculture and sustai
11、nable forestry.,10,Sustainable development projects typically use a number of economic tools to promote sustainability,including incentives such as certification,subsidies and grants,or job creation in sustainable enterprises,and sometimes penalties,such fines or fees for continuing unsustainable pr
12、actices.Legislation to protect key resources,and restrict or prevent damaging practices is another key tool in sustainable development.Sustainable development projects often are part of a larger strategy for landscape-or ecosystem-scale conservation.,11,Integrated conservation and development projec
13、ts(ICDP),12,How successful are sustainable development projects at conserving biodiversity?,The more intensive uses are largely unable to conserve most components of biodiversity(Table 16.2)Perhaps consideration of distinct development options side-by-side with various criteria(Table 16.1)may best e
14、nable decision-making over the directions to take.The most extreme change is a project called“Hidorvia”,which would involve channelizing the Paraguay river to enhance barge transport of goods from the interior of Brazil to international ports,and the creation of dams for agricultural development.(Ta
15、ble 16.3).,13,Sustainability vs.number of people,Subsistence use,Local markets,National markets,Multi-national trade,Economic returnNumber of people supportedSpatial extent,sustainability,14,Fig.16.3 a schematic of the logic behind community-based,enterprise-based conservation projects that seek to
16、enhance benefits from developing and enterprise with the expectation that the local community will be more motivated to conserve biodiversity that supports that enterprise.,15,How can we best promote sustainability?,Ecological principles of sustainabilityNature should be understood to be an irreplac
17、eable source of knowledge,from which we can learn potential solutions to some of our problemsWe should understand that issues of environmental deterioration and human oppression(壓迫)and violence(暴力)are linked in analysis and action.Gender(性別)and racial(種族)oppression,and efforts to dominate nature hav
18、e a common root.Humility(謙卑)must guide our actions;good stewardship begins with restraint(克制).,16,We must appreciate the importance of“proper scale”.Place and locality are the foundation for all durable economies,and must be the starting point of action to deal with our problems.Solutions are local
19、and scale-dependent.Sufficiency must replace economic efficiency.Earths resources are finite,and this fact must be accepted in order for humanity to adopt limits.Living within our needs on a planetary scales does not mean a life of sacrifice,but of greater fulfillment.We must distinguish between“nee
20、ds”and“wants”.Community is essential for survival.The“global community”should reflect and encourage diversity while being interdependent.Biological and cultural diversity must be preserved,defended,and encouraged.,17,Case study 16.1 Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation,Tourism is one of the larg
21、est industries in the world,involving over 700 million travelers and generating one out of every 12.3 jobs in the world in 2003,with continued growth expected.In the past three decades,a growing trend in ecotourism and sustainable tourism development has defined an opportunity for tourism to contrib
22、ute to biodiversity conservation efforts if it is carefully planned,implemented,and monitored.,18,The evolution of sustainable tourism and ecotourism concepts,Tourism caused impactsSocial impacts(cause disruption of social structures)Cultural impacts(motivating people to compromise their practices o
23、r dignity for tourist dollars)Economic impacts(negative)(過度外來的經濟力量)Environmental impacts,19,Ecotourism and sustainable tourism development,Ecotourism,defined broadly as“responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the welfare of local peoples.Contributes actively t
24、o the conservation of natural and cultural heritageIncludes local and indigenous communities in its planning,development,and operation,contributing to their well-beingInterprets and natural and cultural heritage of the destination to visitor(s).Lends itself better to independent travelers,as well as
25、 to organized tours for small size groups.,20,The terms“sustainable tourism”,“nature-based tourism”and“ecotourism”are used interchangeably.Ecotourism help ensure environmental protection,cultural integrity,and community benefit.The ecotourism industry promotes standards through voluntary mechanisms
26、such as certification,which audits businesses for performance in use of environmentally-sustainable practices.Examples of certification efforts include global programs such as Green Globe 21,the National Ecotourism Accreditation Program in Australia,Costa Ricas Certificate of Sustainable Tourism,and
27、 Smart Voyager in the Galapagos.,21,Linking ecotourism and biodiversity conservation,Financing for biodiversity conservationAlternative livelihoods(生計)for local peopleConstituency and stewardship for biodiversityProviding an economic justification for protecting areasCreating an impetus(促進)for priva
28、te conservation,22,Planning ecotourism development for biodiversity conservation,Stakeholder participationGovernment leadershipAssessments Attractions(吸引力)inventorySite and infrastructure analysisMarket demandSupply and competitivenessAvailable capacitySocioeconomic linkages to biodiversity conserva
29、tionTourism impacts,23,Assessments can inform the larger preparation of tourism-related planning such as,Park or protected area management plansStrategic tourism development plansCommunity development plansTourism enterprise development plans,24,Putting ecotourism and conservation in perspective,Onl
30、y a small fraction of tourism businesses world wide are operating under sustainable or ecotourism principles.However,the number of tourism projects being developed to contribute to conservation grows every year as more governments,NGOs,communities,and private sector actors incorporate sustainability and ecotourism principles into their planning.Clearly it is one of several viable options for linking community benefits to biodiversity conservation,and providing financing and justification for protecting.,問題與討論,Ayo 台南 NUTN 站 http:/myweb.nutn.edu.tw/hycheng/,25,
