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1、英汉语言差异性特征对比,Synthetic vs.AnalyticHypotactic vs.Paratactic Compact vs.DiffusiveSubject prominent vs.Topic-prominentChronicle vs.Non-chronicle Stative vs.Dynamic,Synthetic vs.Analytic综合与分析,They told me that by the end of the year they would have been working together for thirty years.他们告诉我，到（那年）年底，他们在
2、一起工作就有三十年了。,synthetic,analytic,Synthetic vs.Analytic,A synthetic language is“characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.An analytic language is“characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words,auxiliary verbs,and changes in word o
3、rder to express syntactic relations,rather than of inflected forms”.,Feature of English as a Synthetic Language,英语通过词汇的形态变化，表示句子丰富多采的语言关系和逻辑关系。形态变化包括性(gender)、数(number)、格(case)、时(tense)、体(aspect)、语态(voice)、语气(mood)、比较级(degree of comparison)、人称(person)、词性(parts of speech)。Feature of Chinese as an Ana
4、lytic Language 汉语基本没有形态变化，主要靠词语、词序及暗含逻辑关系来表达句子的语言意义。,Practice,1.听到他这样讲话，我差点笑出来了。I could have laughed to hear him talk like this.2.The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。3.李教授原打算在这干一辈子的，但还是由于种种原因去了深圳。Professor Li had planned to work here for the rest of
5、 his life,but now he has been to Shenzhen for reasons.4.一群人立刻把他围住了，向他提出一个又一个问题。Very soon he was surrounded by a crowd and was snowed under with questions.,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic形合与意合,孟子曰：“鱼，我所欲也；熊掌，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍鱼而取熊掌者也。生，我所欲也；义，亦我所欲也。二者不可得兼，舍生而取义者也。”Mencius said,“I like fish and I also like bears
6、 paws.If I cannot have the two together,I will let the fish go and take the bears paws.In a similar way,I like life,and I also like righteousness.If I cannot have the two together,I will give up my life to preserve righteousness.”,paratactic,hypotactic,Hypotactic vs.Paratactic,The American Heritage
7、Dictionary defines hypotaxis as“the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives”,for example,I shall despair if you dont come.The World Book Dictionary defines parataxis as“the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation bet
8、ween them”,for example,The rain fell;the river flooded;the house washed away.,在不同的语言中，句子内部连接或外部链接几乎都是用三种手段：句法手段（syntactic devices）词汇手段（lexical equivalence）语义手段（semantic connection）用前两种手段连接成为形合（hypotaxis）,用后一种手段连接成为意合（parataxis）。,Feature of English as a hypotactic Language 英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显
9、性接应(overt cohesion)，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。英语句中的形合手段：关系词和连接词、介词、其他连接手段，广泛使用代词，以及替补词it和there等等。,Feature of Chinese as a paratactic Language 汉语造句少用甚至不用形式连接手段，注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。汉语的意合法往往采用以下手段：语序；反复、排比、对偶、对照等；紧缩句；四字格。,试比较以下的英汉句子：1.跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。Even if the monk can run away,his
10、 temple cannot run with him.2.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.3.冬天来了，春天还会远吗？If winter comes,can spring be far behind?4.好好学习，天天向上。Study hard,and make progress everyday.,Practice,1.When I try to understand what it is that prevents so many Americans from
11、being as happy as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes,of which one goes much deeper than the other.为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。2.抓住了主要矛盾，一切问题就可以迎刃而解。Once the principal contradiction is grasped,all problems can be readily solved.3.不进则退。He who does not advance fall
12、s backward./Move forward,or youll fall behind.,Compact vs.Diffusive 聚集与流散,The boy,who was crying as if his heart would break,said,when I spoke to him,that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days.,男孩哭得心都快碎了，当我问及他时，他说饿极了，有两天没吃了。,compact,diffusive,Features of English as a Compact Lan
13、guage,句子主次分明，层次清楚，前呼后拥，严密规范，句式呈“聚集型”(compactness)。,结构严谨,通常由名词性短语和动词性短语构成;主语不可或缺，谓语动词是句子的中心，两者协调一致提纲挈领，聚集各种关系网络。英语句子先把主要信息以“主、谓、宾（表）”的语法主干形式突出地表达出来，尔后再运用动词不定式、分词短语、从句、独立结构或其他语法手段来表现次要信息或用连词、介词来衔接。,汉语的主语不仅形式多样，而且可有可无。谓语也复杂多样,可以是动词、名词或形容词可以是一个动词，也可以是多个动词，还可以没动词；可以是一个单词，也可以是多个词组。汉语句式松散，句与句之间缺少连接成分，所表现的信
14、息往往从语法外形上主次不分，善用流水句，常常把主要信息和次要信息的区别暗含在短句的并列之中。,Features of Chinese as a Diffusive Language,汉语主谓结构具有很大的多样性、复杂性和灵活性，因而句式呈“流散型”（diffusiveness）。,1.He was struck by her powerful profile,her rich black hair falling freely onto her shoulders,the intensity of her dark eyes.他一下子为她的出众长相所倾倒了：她一头乌发披肩，飘逸潇洒，一双黑眸炯
15、炯有神。2.他们这群人，又想吃人，又是鬼鬼祟祟，想法子遮掩，不敢直接下手，真要令我笑死。All these people wanting to eat human flesh and at the same time stealthily trying to keep up appearances,not daring to act promptly,really made me nearly die of laughter.,Practice,1.玛丽没有被邀请去参加宴会，心里很难受。Mary felt sad not to have been invited to the banquet.
16、2.许多房子，盖着琉璃瓦，曲曲折折，无数的朱红栏杆。Many houses were roofed with glazed tiles and set within winding red balustrades.3.The kaleidoscope of shifting interests of the nations during the negotiation made it impossible to sort out the“winners”and“losers”.谈判期间，各国的利益变化不定，好像万花筒似的，这就使人难以分辨出究竟谁是“胜者”，谁是“输家”。,Subject pr
17、ominent vs.Topic-prominent 主语显著与主题显著,汉语是一种“话题突出”的语言，基本格式为”话题语+评论语“，而英语是一种主语突出的语言，突出的是句子的主语，而且两种语言在表达形式上也相去甚远。,小尼姑之流，阿Q向来是视为草芥的。AhQ always looks down upon the persons like little Buddhist nun.,Topic-prominent,Subject-prominet,I knew nothing about it.A:我对这件事一点也不知道。B:这件事我一点儿都不知道。We have bigger houses a
18、nd smaller families;more conveniences,but less time;we have more degrees,but less common senses;more knowledge,but less judgment;more experts,but more questions;more medicine,but less wellness.房子越来越大，家庭却越来越小；便利的设施越来越多，自由的时间却越来越少；学位越来越高，生活常识却越来越薄；获得的知识越来越丰富，对事物的判断却越来越缺少；所谓的专家一个接一个，问题却层出不穷；发明的药物一种赛一种，
19、健康却每况愈下。,Practice,1.薄薄的一本书他竟看了两个月。It took him such a long time of two months to finish such a thin book.2.在建造一座大桥前，必须考虑到金属受热膨胀这一因素。The expasion of metals on heating must be taken into consideration before a long metal bridge is built.3.她一看到他就生气。The very sight of him makes her angry.,Chronicle vs.Non
20、-chronicle 剪辑式与临摹式,He got to Tai yuan from Shanghai by train via Jinan.,Chronical,Non-chronical,HOME,他从上海坐火车经过济南到太原。,英语和汉语的简单句语序都是SVO.剪辑式与临摹式是就复杂句而言。所谓剪辑式与临摹式是就英汉两种语言的词序而言的。临摹式指句子语序与事情发生的先后顺序一致，而剪辑式语言中，句子的语序不一定与事情发生的先后顺序一致。汉语是临摹式语言，英语式剪辑式语言。,除状语从句之外，定语从句的位置也有所不同。英语中，定语从句一般放在右边。称为Right Branching Dire
21、ction,但汉语中，一般放在左边称为Left Branching Direction.如:The musician who played at concert is from China.在音乐会上演奏的那位音乐家是从中国来的。,汉语的时间，逻辑顺序常常按照由先到后，由因到果，由假设到推断，由事实到结论这样的顺序排列。而英语则借助形态变化和丰富的连接词语。结构灵活，跳跃，顺序多变。英汉两种语言这种差异性特征使其从句语序也有一定的差异，就原因状语从句而言，汉语一般是放在主句之前的，而英语中，除since引导的原因状语从句外，其他的一般后置。他意识到由于他的一番话，她哭了。He realized
22、 that she was crying because of what he had said.,Stative vs.Dynamic动态与静态,这是一个秋天的下午。细雨淅沥，秋风瑟瑟。他们撑着雨伞，攀沿一个弯曲的山间小道去拜望一位隐居在深山的朋友。They walked with umbrellas up a winding mountainpath on a drizzling and windy autumn afternoon for a visit to a friend living in seclusion,dynamic,Stative,Broadly speaking,no
23、uns can be characterized naturally as stative in that they refer to entities that are regarded as stable,whether these are concrete(physical)like house,table,paper,or abstract(of the mind)like hope,botany,length.At the opposite pole,verbs can be equally naturally characterized as dynamic:they are fi
24、tted(by their capacity to show tense and aspect,for example)to indicate action,activity and temporary or changing conditions.,Connotations of stative and dynamic,Features of English as a Stative Language,名词化（Nominalization）是英语常见的现象 She has a firm conviction that she will overcome all the difficultie
25、s.她坚信她会克服所有的困难。用名词表示施事者（Agentive nouns），以代替动词 Sea gulls are excellent flyers.海鸥善于飞行。名词优势造成介词优势 Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn,up the path,up the steps,across the verandah,and into the porch.“来啦！”她转身蹦跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。用形容词表达动词的意义 Many investors are still fearful of the ever-changi
26、ng local policies.许多投资商对当地多变的政策仍怀有戒心。,Features of Chinese as a Dynamic Language 动词（词组）可以充当汉语句子的各种成分 采用这种新装置可以大大降低废品率。The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.动词连用是汉语常见的现象 我去叫他们派一个会计到这儿来帮助你算账吧。Let me go and ask them to send an accountant here to help
27、you with your accounts.汉语动词常常重复或重叠 说说笑笑，跑跑跳跳，孩子们过得十分愉快。Talking and laughing,running and jumping,the children had a good time.,Practice,1.这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位。What are these people after?They are after fame and position.2.他曾积极促进中东和平进程。He was an active promoter of the Middle East peace process.3.如果你能陪我一块
28、儿去，我一定很高兴。Of course I shall be glad of your company on the journey.4.尽管政府出台了许多鼓励消费的政策，他们中的大部分人都不太愿意花钱。Although the government has formulated policies to stimulate consumption,most of them are reluctant spenders.,Difference BetweenComparative Study and Contrastive Study,Comparative Study lays emphasi
29、s on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of research.比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。,Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。,Please translate the following:,人到齐就开会。The me
30、eting will begin when all are here.不要人云亦云。Dont say what others have said.帐单撕碎了。The bill was torn to pieces.问题解决了。The problem was solved.,Please translate the following:,你再说一个字，我马上走。If you should say one more word,I would go at once.你死了，我去当和尚。If you should die,I would go and be a monk.,不要人云亦云。,帐单撕碎了。
31、,你再说一个字，我马上走。,Dont say what others have said.,The bill was torn to pieces.,If you should say one more word,I would go at once.,问题解决了。,你死了，我去当和尚。,If you should die,I would go and be a monk.,The problem was solved.,Tense（时态）,Voice（语 态）,Mood（语气）,人到齐就开会。,The meeting will begin when all are here.,Lacking
32、 inflection in the strict sense缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们我的爸爸、你的妈妈认真的态度、认真地学习,Retaining some inflections保留一些形态变化v.（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）:number,case,genderpron.（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）:degreead.（副词）:degree,Chinese,English,病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。,Sickness comes like an avalanche,but goes like
33、 reeling silk.,The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.,人在阵地在。,人无远虑，必有近忧。,他人老心不老。,Although he has aged physically,he remains young at heart.,If one has no long-term considerations,he will find trouble at his doorstep.,我来他已去。,He had left when I arrived.,(Condition 条件),(Contra
34、st,Opposition 对照、转折),(Time Order 时间先后),(Concession 让步),Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形),EnglishForm-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意),Chinese:left-extending,heavy-headed like
35、 a lion,树 一棵树 一棵大树 一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 上海商学院校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树 中山西路上海商学院校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,English:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock,This is the cat.This is the cat that killed the rat.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that la
36、y in the house.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言,EnglishEnglish:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言,English:fixed point of si
37、ght（视点固定）,“我会揍你的。”“不，你不会。”“是的，我会的。”“不，你不会的。”“我会的。”“你不会的。”“会！”“不会！”,“I can lick you.”“No,you cant.”“Yes,I can.”“No,you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,“I can lick you.”“No,you cant.”“Yes,I can.”“No,you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。
38、谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！,Chinese:moving point of sight（视点流动）,我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！,“I can lick you.”“No,you cant.”“Yes,I can.”“No,you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,Please compare:,can,can,can,can,cant,cant,cant,cant,揍,敢,试,瞧,怕,逃,Please compare:,“Tom didnt go to
39、school today,did he?”asked the mother.“No,he didnt,”Mary said.,“汤姆今天没去上学，是吗？”母亲问。“不，他没去。”玛丽说。“是的，他没去。”玛丽说。,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinesemoving point of sight（视点流动）,Englishfixed point of sight（视点固定）,Chinese:bamboo-like sentence structure（竹式结构）,从前这里有一个小村庄，村里住着十户人家，这十户人家全靠打鱼、种地 为生，生活艰苦，但
40、很安宁。,Once upon a time,there was a small village here.The village had ten households.The ten households all lived on fishing and farming.The life was hard,but very peaceful.,Once upon a time,there was a small village here.The village had ten households who all lived on fishing and farming.Their life
41、was hard,but very peaceful.,Chinese:bamboo-like sentence structure（竹式结构）,The chunks of a Chinese sentence seem to be connected and yet separated,like sections of a bamboo linked by the joints and yet relatively independent and self-contained.,Chinese:wave-like sentence structure（波式结构）,开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的
42、，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After()contracted the fatal disease,()thought differently.()Just()smoke,()buy the best cigarettes,()smoke whenever()liked to.,At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After(Father)contracted the fatal disease,(we)thought d
43、ifferently.(We would)Just(let him)smoke,(and we would)buy the best cigarettes,(and let him)smoke whenever(he)liked to.,Rhythmic speech or writing is like waves of the sea,moving onward with alternating rise and fall,connected yet separated,like but different,suggestive of some law,too complex for an
44、alysis or statement,controlling the relations between wave and wave,waves and sea,phrase and phrase,phrases and speech.,H.W.Fowler(1858 1933):,节奏感强的语言或文字（指汉语），浪峰、浪谷似分似合，彼此相像，又各不相同；隐含着某些规律，但却过于复杂，难以分析或表述；这些规律规范着波浪与波浪、波浪与大海、词组与词组、词组与语段之间的各种关系。,English:tree-like sentence structure（树式结构）,As a nation of
45、gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter,Branches and sub-branches:Adverbials and attributes,Trunk line:S+V+(O),As a nation of gifted people who comprise abo
46、ut one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese bamboo-like sentence structure（竹式结构）with different sections linked and yet separated,English tree-lik
47、e sentence structure（树式结构）with different parts connected like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,翻,译,欢迎光临,Another Major DifferenceLook at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective.,Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective:,我的小
48、孙子他很调皮。My little grandson is very naughty.那所房子你们早该修了。You should have repaired the house.英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。It is by no means easy to learn the English language.上海举办2010世博会，我看一定会成功。I think that it will be certainly successful for Shanghai to host the 2010 World Exposition.,Compare the sentence structures
49、 of the two languages:,我的小孙子他很调皮。那所房子你们早该修了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。上海举办2010世博会，我看一定会成功。,My little grandson is very naughty.You should have repaired the house.It is by no means easy to learn the English language.I think that it will be certainly successful for Shanghai to host the 2010 World Exposition.,Chin
50、ese Structure:Topic-Comment 话题-评论,English Structure:Subject-Predicate 主语-谓语,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseTopic-Comment Sentence Structure（话题-评论结构）,EnglishSubject-Predicate Sentence Structure（主语-谓语结构）,Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言,Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言,Chinese Order of Li
