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1、翻,译,欢迎光临,英,对,比,与,翻,译,汉,English-Chinese Contrast and Translation,A Chinese poem says,“A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.”海内存知己，天涯若比邻,Wishing you happiness every day!,翻,译,欢迎光临,英,对,比,与,翻,译,汉,Three Parts 1.Language transfer（语言迁移）2.Linguistic contrast（语言对比）3.Contrast and translation（对比与翻译）,P
2、art OneLanguage Transfer in FL Learning:Interference or Facilitation?外语学习中的语言迁移：干扰还是促进？,What Is Language Transfer?,Transfer is the influence resulting from the similarities and differences between the target language and any other language that has been previously acquired.Odlin(1989:27)迁移是由于目标语与已经习
3、得的语言之间的相似和差异而产生的 影响。奥德林,Two Types of Transfer,Negative Transfer(负迁移)Errors arise from analogy.类推会产生错误。,Positive Transfer（正迁移）Errors decrease by analysis.分析能减少错误。,Keen awareness of the similarities and differences between the two languages can facilitate FL learning.对两种语言相似与相异点的敏锐意识能促进外语学习。,Negative
4、Transfer(负迁移):Interference(干扰),Causes:analogical use of ones prior knowledge of the mother tongue 母语先知结构的类推运用scanty knowledge of differences between the two languages 对两种语言的差异所知甚少unconscious falling back on the mother tongue speech habit 不自觉地回归母语的言语习惯 Chinglish=English words+Chinese structure 汉语式英语=
5、英语单词+汉语结构,Native Language Transfer Does Exist.母语迁移现象确实存在,The age of the learner:around 20 学习者的年龄：20上下The learning context：Chinese 学习的语境：汉语,Examples of Negative Transfer,Phonological transfer(语音迁移)The sound/n/or/f/does not exist in some Chinese dialects and/l/or/h/serves as a substitute.在有些中国方言（如南京/闽
6、南方言）中没有辅音/n/或/f/，而用辅音/l/或/h/来替代。,1、这位作家喜欢晚上写作。,The writer likes writing at light.,(night),他不怕死。He does not hear to die.,(fear),Examples of Negative Transfer,He only eat two meal a day.,2、他一天只吃两顿饭。,Morphological transfer（词形迁移）Neither nouns nor verbs have inflections in Chinese.在汉语中，名词和动词都没有形态变化。,(eat
7、s)(meals),我去年到北京去了三次。I go to Beijing 3 time last year.,(went)(times),Examples of Negative Transfer,Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million population.,3、据说上海有三千三百万人口。,Collocation transfer(搭配迁移)The noun renkou,the Chinese equivalent of population,can have a numerical pre-modifier.Population的汉语对
8、应词“人口”在汉语中可以用前置数词来修饰。,Shanghai is said to have a population of thirty-three million.,Shanghai is said to have thirty-three million people.,Examples of Negative Transfer,Measures must be taken to narrow the gap between the poor and the rich.,4、要采取措施缩小贫富差距。,Word order transfer(词序迁移),东南西北 或迟或早 悲欢离合 衣食住
9、行 废寝忘食 水陆交通 饥寒交迫 田径项目 生老病死,the rich and the poor,Examples of Negative Transfer,He suggested me to accept this offer.,5、他建议我接受这个报价。,Syntactical transfer(句型迁移)The verb jianyi,the Chinese equivalent of suggest,can be used in VOC pattern in Chinese.Suggest的汉语对应词“建议”在汉语中可以用“动词+宾语+补语”的结构。,He suggested tha
10、t I(should)accept this offer.,He suggested my(me)accepting this offer.,Examples of Negative Transfer,6.-Your English is wonderful.-Oh,no.My English is still poor.,Pragmatic transfer(语用迁移)The negative reply to a compliment is considered in Chinese as modest and courteous.对赞扬的否定回答在汉语中被视为谦虚有礼貌。,-Your E
11、nglish is wonderful.-Thank you,but I still have a long way to go before I really master it.,Two Types of Transfer,Negative Transfer(负迁移)Errors arise from analogy.类推会产生错误。,Positive Transfer（正迁移）Errors decrease by analysis.分析能减少错误。,We could turn negative transfer(interference)into positive(facilitatio
12、n)by making analysis on differences between the two languages and arouse the learners awareness of avoiding or reducing errors from analogy.,我们可以通过分析两种语言的差异，提高学生避免或减少类推错误的意识，把负迁移（干扰）转化为正迁移（促进）。,Part TwoA Contrastive Study of English and Chinese英汉语对比研究,Difference BetweenComparative Study and Contrast
13、ive Study,Comparative Study lays emphasis on the similarities between languages and applies the diachronic method of research.比较研究着重寻找语言间的相似点，运用历时的研究方法。,Contrastive Study lays emphasis on the differences between languages and applies the synchronic method of research.对比研究着重寻找语言间的不同点，运用共时的研究方法。,语义型与形
14、态型,Please translate the following:,不要人云亦云。Dont say what others have said.这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。Whether you do the matter or he does it,Im afraid neither will do it well.支农惠农政策不断加强。Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture.必须采取措施在石油资源耗尽之前开发新能源。Measures must be taken to
15、develop new energy resources before petroleum resources are used up.,Please translate the following:,你再不起床，我要掀被子了。If you should refuse to get up,I would pull off your quilt.本拉登不死，美国就不会停止对他的追杀。If bin Laden hadnt died,the US wouldnt have stopped hunting for him.,Please compare the underlined words:,不要
16、人云亦云。这件事，你做也好，他做也罢，我看谁都做不好。支农惠农政策不断加强。必须采取措施在石油耗尽之前开发新能源。你再不起床，我要掀被子了。本拉登不死，美国就不会停止对他的追杀。,Dont say what others have said.Whether you do it or he does it,Im afraid neither will do it well.Policies were constantly strengthened to support and benefit agriculture.Measures must be taken to develop new en
17、ergy resources before petroleum are used up.If you should refuse to get up,I would pull off your quilt.If bin Laden hadnt died,the US wouldnt have stopped hunting for him.,Tense（时态）,Voice（语 态）,Mood（语气）,Lacking inflection in the strict sense缺少严格意义的形态变化老师们、同学们认真的态度、认真地学习,Retaining some inflections保留一些
18、形态变化v.（动词）:tense,aspect,voice,moodn.（名词）:number,case,genderpron.（代词）:person,gender,case,numberadj.（形容词）:degreead.（副词）:degree,Chinese,English,病来如山倒，病去如抽丝。,Sickness comes like an avalanche,but goes like reeling silk.,I wont go so long as he does.,他去我不去。,人无远虑，必有近忧。,他人老心不老。,Although he has aged physical
19、ly,he remains young at heart.,If one has no long-term considerations,he will find trouble at his doorstep.,我来他已去。,He had left when I arrived.,(Condition 条件),(Contrast,Opposition 对照、转折),(Time Order 时间先后),(Concession 让步),Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese语义型语言(以意统形)Meaning-focused with empha
20、sis on implicit coherence(隐性连贯),English形态型语言(以形驭意)Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（显性联接）,翻,译,欢迎光临,Another Major DifferenceLook at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective.,Look at the sentence structures of the two languages from another perspective:,*我的小孙
21、子他很调皮。My little grandson is very naughty.*彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。The colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.*那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。You should have thrown away the clunker.The clunker should have been thrown away.*英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。It is by no means easy to learn the English language
22、.,Compare the sentence structures of the two languages:,我的小孙子他很调皮。彩虹有多种颜色，外圈红，内圈紫。那辆破车，你早该把它淘汰了。英语这门语言，学会它可不容易。,My little grandson is very naughty.The colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.You should have thrown away the clunker.It is by no means easy to learn the
23、 English language.,Chinese Structure:Topic-Comment 话题-评论,English Structure:Subject-Predicate 主语-谓语,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseTopic-prominent Language话题突出型语言Topic-Comment Sentence Structure（话题-评论结构）,EnglishSubject-prominent Language主语突出型语言Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure（主语-谓语结构
24、）,波浪型与树枝型,Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉语的波式语段结构）,汉语的语段结构犹如大海的波浪，流泻自由，似分似合，可断可连，主谓难辨，形散神聚。,开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,开始我和母亲是不让父亲抽烟的，得了绝症后，想开了，抽吧，拣好的买，想抽就抽。,At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After()contracted the fatal disease,()thought differently.()Just()smoke,()b
25、uy the best cigarettes,()smoke whenever()liked to.,At first Mother and I wouldnt let Father smoke.After(Father)contracted the fatal disease,(we)thought differently.(We would)Just(let him)smoke,(and we would)buy the best cigarettes,(and let him)smoke whenever(he)liked to.,Chinese:wave-like discourse
26、structure（汉语的波式语段结构）,Rhythmic speech or writing is like waves of the sea,moving onward with alternating rise and fall,connected yet separated,like but different,suggestive of some law,too complex for analysis or statement,controlling the relations between wave and wave,waves and sea,phrase and phras
27、e,phrases and speech.,H.W.Fowler(1858 1933):,H.W.Fowler(1858 1933):,节奏感强的语言或文字（指汉语），浪峰、浪谷似分似合，彼此相像，又各不相同；隐含着某些规律，但却过于复杂，难以分析或表述；这些规律规范着波浪与波浪、波浪与大海、词组与词组、词组与语段之间的各种关系。,Chinese:wave-like discourse structure（汉语的波式语段结构）,王力（1984）指出，“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”,吕叔湘（1979）说，“汉语口语里有特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连。
28、”,English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）,英语的句子结构好似一棵大树，树干、树枝、分枝、树叶互相连接，结构紧密，形式规范。主谓必须一致，构成树干；定语、状语等其余成分均为枝叶，由连接词语与树干相连，形成一棵完整的大树。,English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式句子结构）,Branches and sub-branches:Adverbials and attributes,Trunk line:S+V+(O),English:tree-like sentence structure（英语的树式
29、句子结构）,As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter,Branches and sub-branches:Adverbials and attributes,Trunk line:S+V+(O),As a nation of gifted pe
30、ople who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter,As a nation of gifted people who comprise about one-fourth of the total population of the earth,China plays in world affairs
31、a role that can only grow more important in the years ahead.-Jimmy Carter,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese wave-like discourse structure（波式结构）with different sections rise and fall freely like waves without regular rules,English tree-like sentence structure（树式结构）with different parts conne
32、cted closely like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,语序固定与语序灵活的差异,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（1）Relatively fixed（相对固定）,Order of time（时间先后顺序）Words:古今、先后、早晚、始终、老少、生死Idioms:冬去春来、一呼百应、风平浪静Phrases:进城卖菜、离家出走、去教室看书Sentences:我们在美国读书的时候，结识了一位木匠。有一天，木匠开车接我们去他家，路上所谈，尽是木匠的事，深得其乐,Chinese Or
33、der of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（2）,Order of space（空间大小顺序）Words:大小、宽窄、粗细、长短、厚薄、胖瘦Idioms:大同小异、长话短说、厚古薄今Addresses:中国上海闵行区江川路690号Sentences:一到上海，我们首先想到浦东这片改革、开放的热土。于是我们驾车来到陆家嘴金融开发区，那节次鳞比、神态各异的摩天大楼令人眼花缭乱。我们决定先登上东方明珠广播电视塔,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（3）,Order of importance（重轻顺序）Words:天地、日月、国家、君臣
34、、优劣、强弱Idioms:国破家亡、天久地长、优胜劣汰、恃强凌弱、一人得道，鸡犬升天Phrases:红色的圆木桌、圆形的红木桌、木制的红圆桌Sentences:我用这把刀切肉。这把刀我用来切肉。切肉我用这把刀。,Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements汉语语序（4）,Order of logic（逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果）志同道合，友谊才会持久。名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。天下雨，运动会延期了。他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。,English Order of Linguistic Elements英语语序,Relatively flexible order（语序
35、相对灵活）resulting from the use of inflections and connectives,the Russian people,the people of Russia,the people living in Russia,the people who live in Russia,an important event an event of importance,Phrases:,English Order of Linguistic Elements英语语序,志同道合，友谊才会持久。Friendship will last only if it is base
36、d on a common goal.Only if friendship is based on a common goal,it will last.,天下雨，运动会延期了。The sports meet was postponed because of rain.Because of rain,the sports meet was postponed.,Relatively flexible order（语序相对灵活）resulting from the use of flections and connectives,Sentences:,Please compare:,我们漫步街头
37、，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。,We saw many signs of occupation while strolling along a street past a major concentration of the huts not far away from the Central Avenue.,Pay attention to Chinese order of time and space.,我们看到很多住人的迹象，当漫步街头走过一个很大的棚户集中地，离中央大道不远。,我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚
38、里还住了人。,我们漫步街头，在中央大道附近发现了一个很大的棚户区，有很多迹象表明茅棚里还住了人。,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese Order of linguistic elements:relatively fixed like bamboo-making（制竹）（语序相对固定）,EnglishOrder of linguistic elements:relatively flexible like block-building（积木）（语序相对灵活）,狮子型与孔雀型,Chinese:left-extending,heavy-head
39、ed like a lion,树,一棵树,一棵大树,一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,临港新城海事大学校园里一棵枝繁叶茂的大树,Limited left-extending structure,青岛是一座气候宜人、风景秀丽、建筑风格多样、令人流连忘返的海滨城市。,青岛是一座海滨城市，这里气候宜人，风景秀丽，建筑风格多样，令人流连忘返。,English:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock,This is the cat.This is the cat that killed the rat.This
40、is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house.This is the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that was built by Jack.,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-he
41、aded like a lion(limitedly so)狮子型语言,EnglishEnglish:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock(almost unlimitedly so)孔雀型语言,流动与固定,English:fixed point of sight（视点固定）,“我会揍你的。”“不，你不会。”“是的，我会的。”“不，你不会的。”“我会的。”“你不会的。”“会！”“不会！”,“I can lick you.”“No,you cant.”“Yes,I can.”“No,you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can
42、!”“Cant!”,“I can lick you.”“No,you cant.”“Yes,I can.”“No,you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！,Chinese:moving point of sight（视点流动）,我要揍你。你敢！敢又怎么样？那你就试试吧！试试？哼，你等着瞧！等着瞧？我才不怕呢！不怕，好，那你休想逃走。谁逃了？来呀，你揍啊！,“I can lick you.”“No,you cant.”“Ye
43、s,I can.”“No,you cant.”“I can.”“you cant.”“Can!”“Cant!”,Please compare:,can,can,can,can,cant,cant,cant,cant,揍,敢,试,瞧,怕,逃,Please compare:,“Tom didnt go to school today,did he?”asked the mother.“No,he didnt,”Mary said.,“汤姆今天没去上学，是吗？”母亲问。“不，他没去。”玛丽说。“是的，他没去。”玛丽说。,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chi
44、nesemoving point of sight（视点流动）,Englishfixed point of sight（视点固定）,Six Major Differences Between English and Chinese英汉六大差异,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseMeaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence(隐性连贯)Paratactic语义型语言(以意统形),EnglishForm-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion（
45、显性联接）Hypotactic形态型语言(以形驭意),Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseTopic-Comment Sentence Structure（话题-评论结构）,EnglishSubject-Predicate Sentence Structure（主语-谓语结构）,Topic-prominent Language话题突出型语言,Subject-prominent Language主语突出型语言,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese wave-like discourse str
46、ucture（波式结构）with different sections rise and fall freely like waves without regular rules,English tree-like sentence structure（树式结构）with different parts connected closely like branches and sub-branches to the trunk line,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese Order of linguistic elements:relati
47、vely fixed like bamboo-making（制竹）（语序相对固定）,EnglishOrder of linguistic elements:relatively flexible like block-building（积木）（语序相对灵活）,Contrast Between English and Chinese,ChineseChinese:left-extending,heavy-headed like a lion狮子型语言,EnglishEnglish:right-extendingheavy-tailed like a peacock孔雀型语言,Contrast B
48、etween English and Chinese,Chinesemoving point of sight（视点流动）,Englishfixed point of sight（视点固定）,Part ThreeContrast and Translation对比与翻译,Enlightenment on translation from the contrast between the two languages从两种语言的对比中获得的有关翻译的启示,请翻译并作对比分析 Please translate and makecontrastive analysis.,Contrast Betwee
49、n English and Chinese,Astonishment and even horror oppressed him.Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance.The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.,他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。我兴奋得什么话都说不出来。我一看到那棵大树就回想起童年的情景。,Difference 1English:Impersonal(物称)Chinese:Personal(人称),Contrast Between English and
50、 Chinese,They are paid for this.The difficulties have been overcome,and the problem solved.Table tennis is played all over China.Why should all these unpleasant jobs be pushed on to me?,他们拿钱就是干这事的。（他们干这事是有偿的。）困难克服了，问题也解决了。乒乓球运动风靡全中国。为什么总要把这些麻烦事推给我？,Difference 2English:Passive(被动)Chinese:Active(主动),C
