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1、The Diseases of Hematopoietic and lymphoid systems,Structure and function,Hematopoietic and lymphoid system is composed of myeloid tissue(bone marrow)and lymphoid tissues(thymus,spleen,lymph nodes and extranode lymphoid tissues).The thymus and bone marrow are often termed central lymphoid tissuesThe
2、 remaining organs are actively involved in the immune response,and constitute the peripheral lymphoid tissue.,Diseases,Infection and reactive proliferationsThe lymphoid neoplasmasMyeloid neoplasmsHistocytic neoplasms,Lymphoid neoplasms,All lymphoid neoplasms are derived from a single transformed cel
3、l and are therefore monoclonal.Lymphoid neoplasms are a group of tumors that their clinical manifestations and behavior vary widely.They are classified as non-Hodgkins lymphoma(NHLs)and Hodgkinss lymphoma based on the features of tumor cells.NHLs account for about 70%to 80&of all malignant lymphomas
4、 in our country.,Classification of lymphoid neoplasms,The aim of classification is to identify homogenerous subgroups that behave in a predictable way.The lymphoid neoplasms are named according to the normal cell they most closely resemble.WHO classifications(2000)in table 9-1(page 276).,1948 Willis
5、:“Nowhere in pathology has the chaos of names so clouded clear concepts as in the subject of lymphoid tumors”,分类：NHL分类方法多，分型繁杂,Classification,Three major categories:1 Tumors of B-cells2 Tumors of T-cells and NK-cells3 Hodgkins lymphoma,Non-Hodgkins lymphoma,Etiology(1),1.virus Murine、feline、avian le
6、ukemias retroviruses adult T cell lymphoma-leukemia HTLV-1 Burkitts lymphoma EBV,Etiology(2),2.oncogenes Burkitts lymphoma:t(8;14)myc-Ig follicular lymphoma:t(14;18)bcl-2-Ig CLL:Philadelphia chromosome t(9,22)c-abl,bcr,Etiology(3),3.Autoimmune&immunodeficieny Disease eg.Receptor of transplanted orga
7、ns.AIDS patients,lymphoma,Leukemia/Lymphoma,These are high-grade NHLs composed of diffuse sheets of medium-size lymphoid cells.They may be B-or T-cell lineage.These aggressive tumors affect predominantly in children,accounting for 80%of childhood leukemia.The pre-B-cell lymphoma mainly affects child
8、ren,but the Pre-T-cell tumors mainly affect adolescent males.,Morphology,Mircoscopically,the lymph nodes affected by neoplastic cells are replaced by small to medium-sized blastcells with scant cytoplasm and inconspicuous nucleoli.In blood smear slide,the nuclei of lymphoblasts with Wright-Giemsa st
9、aining show somewhat coarse and clumped chromatin and one or two nucleoli.,Blood and bone marrow changes,In peripheral blood,the white cell count is usually increased.sometimes more than 100,000/ul.Anemia is almost present.The platelet count is ususlly depressed to less than 100,000/ul.Bone pain and
10、 tenderness result from marrow expansion with infiltration of the subperiosteum.Splenomegaly.,Immunophenotype and karyotype,TdT present in more than 95%of casesCD19(B cell marker)CD2(T cell marker),Clinical features,The manifestations in these diseases are similar to that of AML.Anemia,hemorrhage an
11、d infection as well as related symptoms,Chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma(SLL),In fact,small lymphoctic lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia are the virtually identical tumors.It is a disease affecting persons older than 50 years of age.Most patients are leukemic at t
12、he time of diagnosis.,Morphology,The lymph nodes are replaced by sheets of mature lymphocytes,which are round,small compact with dark-staining round nuclei,scanty cytoplasm and uniform in shape and size,and scattered ill-defined foci of large cells termed prolymphocytes.The foci of mitotic active pr
13、olymphocytes are called proliferation centers,which are useful for CLL/SLL in diagnosis.,Immunophenotye and karyotype,The neoplastic cells express B-cell markers,such as CD19,CD20,CD23,surface immunoglobulin(e.g.IgM,IgG).,Clinical features,CLL/SLL is often asymptomatic.many cases are diagnosed as a
14、result of routine blood tests or clinical examination for other reasons.The symptom are nonspecific,including easy fatigue,weight loss and anorexia.The prognosis is good and the patients with these diseases may survive for 10 years or more.The median survival time is 4 to 6 years.,Diffuse,Follicular
15、 lymphoma,It is a tumor derived from germinal center B-cells,characterized by a nodular or follicular architecture.It is one of the commonest type of NHLs.It accounts for 10%to 40%of NHLs.Late adult life is a peak age incidence.,Immunophenotype and karyotype,CD19,CD20.CD10,BCL protein.Most of the ca
16、ses have specific chromosome translocation involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain promoter region of chromosome 14 and the anti-apoptotic gene BCL12 on chromosome18(t14,18)(q32,q21).,Follicular,CD20,CD3,Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma,A diffuse growth pattern.Occurs mainly in older patients(median a
17、ge about 60year)It is characterized by a diffuse outgrowth of large B-cells,which may display centroblastic of immunblastic cytology.CD19,CD20,CD79a and IgM,Diffuse large cell,centroblastic,CB,IB,T/HR,ALC,CD30,CD20,CD3,Burkitt lymphoma,A distinctive type of B cell lymphoma.It is dndemic in para-Afri
18、ca and occur much less commonly in other regions.It mainly affect children and adolescents.It is associated with EBV infection and malaria.It express CD10,CD19.,Burkitts lymphoma,starry-sky,Burkitts lymphoma,mitoses,Peripheral T-cell lymphoma,It is relatively common in Asia compared with America and
19、 Europe.It is associated with human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus(HTL1)The morphology is variable in size and shapes of cells.The same features such as the architectures of lymph node replaced by the tumor cells.CD2,CD3,CD5,Lymphoblastic(T),convoluted,Hodgkins lymphoma,Hodgkins lymphoma(also called
20、 Hodgkins disease)is a primary malignant tumor of lymphoid tissues.It is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg(RS)cells in the involved tissues.It accounts for 15%of all lymphomas and shows a peak age incidence in the third and fourth decades.,The reasons it separated from NHLs,1 Morpholog
21、ically characterized by the presence of distinctive R-S cells admixed with a variable infiltrate of reactive,nonmalignant inflammatory cells.2 It is often associated with somewhat distinctive clinical features,including systemic manifestations,such as fever.3 Its stereotypic pattern of spread allows
22、 it to be treated differently than most other lymphoid neoplasm.,Classification of Hodgkins lymphoma,It is classified based on the appearance of the abnormal cells and the reactive cells under the microscope.I.e.Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkins lymphoma and Classic Hodgkins lymphoma,Myloid neoplasms,Myloid neoplasms arise from hematopoietic stem cells.Three types:1 Acute myeloblastic leukemia2 Mylodysplasti syndromes3 Chronic myeloproliferative disorders.,
