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1、Lymphatic/Immune system,Gang XINDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology,Smallpoxdeaths of an estimated300 to 500 millionpeople,Edward Jenner,1749-1823,Father of Immunology,vaccination,In 1796,L.vaccinus,relating to a cow,vacca,1802 caricature of Jenner vaccinating patients who feared it would make
2、 them sprout cowlike appendages.,The announcement by the WHO that smallpox was the first disease that had been eradicated worldwide by a program of vaccination,Louis Pasteur,1822-1895,The“Father”of the Modern Microbiology,Vaccines:1880,chicken cholera1881,anthrax1885,rabies,consciously,immune system
3、,What is it?Where is it?How does it work?,What is immunity?,immunity,Immune systemImmune responseImmunologyImmunologistImmunodeficiencyImmunocompromised,IMMUNITY IMMUNIS(EXEMPT)Latin:Protection from legal prosecutionNow,in medical terms:free of disease.,Bubble boy,David Vetter(19711984),severe combi
4、ned immunodeficiency(SCID),InfectionLymphoma,congenital immunodeficiency,present at birth,HIV and AIDS,HIV-human immunodeficiency virusAIDS-acquired immune deficiency syndrome,ARC:AIDS-related complex,ARC is Aprodromalphase of effects phase of infection with HIV.Symptoms can include recurring fever,
5、unexplained weight loss,swollen lymph glands,diarrhea,or fungal infection of the mouth.,Candida infections,Opportunity Infection and Cancer,Fungal,bacterial,viral and protozoal infectionThe most frequent opportunistic tumour,Kaposis sarcoma,is observed in 20%of patients with AIDS.Malignant lymphomas
6、 are also frequently seen in AIDS patients.,Kaposis sarcoma,Kaposis sarcoma,Kaposis sarcoma on the skin of an AIDS patient.,lymphoma,Functions of Immune system,immune defence defense agaist infectious diseasesimmune surveillancekill cancer cells immune homeostasis maintain internal equilibrium,Where
7、 is immune system?,OrgansCellsMolecules,Immune organs,Central immune organs,The site of generation,differentiation and maturation of lymphocytesincludingbone marrowthymus,Bone marrow,Hematopoietic stem cell,Myeloid progenitor,Lymphoid progenitor,Functions:The site of generation of all circulating bl
8、ood cellsThe site of B cell maturation,hemo-+G.poisis,a making,Thymus,Located between the breast bone and heart.Function:T cell education,Peripheral immune organs and tissues,The site where lymphocytes are resident and response to foreign antigensLymph nodesSpleenMALT(mucosal-associated lymphoid tis
9、sue)SALT,Lymph nodes,Lymph nodes-Small bean-shaped glandsLymph-fluid within lymphatic vesselsLymphatic vessel-,Lymphatic vessel-Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a lymph node are called the afferent lymph vessel,and one that carries it from a lymph node is called the efferent lymph vessel,from where
10、 the lymph may travel to another lymph node,may be returned to a vein,or may travel to a larger lymph duct.,Collects excess tissue fluid throughout body Purifies it as it passes through systemReturns it to circulatory system,Lymph nodes,Major groups of lymph nodes are located in the tonsils,armpits,
11、neck,groin and mediastinum.,Functions:Filter harmful substances from the tissues,John,15/Mtooth aches in left side of faceone day later neck also started to hurt(only on the left side)after taking the penicillin for 2 days,tooth has for the most part stopped hurting and face doesnt ache nearly as mu
12、ch his neck seems more swollen.,a tooth abscess and lymph nodes were swollen,immune system is working over time fighting the abscess,Sites for Lymph Nodes,NameLocationDrains fluid fromAxillary ArmpitsArmsCervical NeckHead and neckInguinal GroinLegs and pelvisMediastinal ChestWithin chest cavity,Sple
13、en,in the upper left abdomenFunctions:major site of immune response to blood-borne antigens Filters out and destroys old red blood cells,recycling the iron,MALT(mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue),Tonsil（扁桃体）,Peyers patch（派氏集合淋巴结）,appendix（阑尾）,GALT(Gut)NALT(nasal)BALT(bronchial),Functions:Local immu
14、ne response Secretory IgA(sIgA),Immune cells,Hematopoietic stem cell,Myeloid progenitor,Lymphoid progenitor,Lympoid:T lymphocyte;B lymphocyte;Natural killer cellMyeloid:neutrophil;basophil;eosinophil;monocyte;red blood cell,Neutrophil,Also called polymorphonulcear(PMN)leukocyte.The most abundant pop
15、ulation of circulating WBCs and the earliest phagocytic cells to appear in the bacterial infectionFunctions:phagocytosis,intracellular killing,inflammation and tissue damage.,Neutrophils,phagocytosis,Monocytes and macrophages,After entering into tissue,monocytes differentiate into tissue macrophages
16、.Play central roles in innate and adaptive immunity,and are important effector cells for the elimination of microbes.Functions:phagocytosis,intracellular and extra-cellular killing,tissue repair,antigen presentation,Monocytes and macrophages,macrophages,Eosinophils,cytoplasmic granules that are easi
17、ly stained by eosin or other acid dyes.associated with parasitic infection and allergic reactions.,Basophils,cytoplasmic granules that are easily stained by basic dyes.associated with parasitic infections and allergic reactions.,T and B Lymphocytes,Natural Killer(NK)cells,also known as large granula
18、r lymphocytes(LGL)kill infected and malignant cells,Molecules,Antibody Complements Cytokines,Antibody&Immunoglobulin,Plasma cell,Classes of Ig,IgG;IgA;IgM;IgE;IgD,Complement system,cytokine,secreted proteins that work as mediators of immune andinflammatory reactions.Cytokines provide a mechanism for
19、 cells of the immune system to“talk”to one another to coordinate a response,How does the immune system work?,Innate and adaptive immunity,First line of defense(nonspecific),second line of defense,innate immunity,Barriers The skin is an important physical barrier that protects the entire body from ex
20、ternal pathogens.The acid in the stomach serves as a natural killer or destroyer of pathogens that enter the digestive tract.circulating cells(phagocytes，NK cells)blood proteins and cytokines,Innate and adaptive immunity,Adaptive immunity 3 Phases,2 Types,Specific acquired,57,Recognition,Activation,
21、Effector,Humoral immunity,Cell-mediated immunity,Innate and Adaptive Immunity,Dose 1Dose 2:1 monthDose 3:6 months,HBV vaccine:,61,The primary immune response,Four phases of the primary response a lag phase where no antibody is detecteda log phase in which the antibody titer rises logarithmicallya pl
22、ateau phase during which the antibody titer stabilizesa phase(decline)during which the antibody is cleared,Comparison of Primary and Secondary Responses,Highaffinity,63,Primary and Secondary Responses differ significantly,The properties of the primary and secondary antibody responses differ.The prim
23、ary response has a long lag period,a logarithmic rise in antibody formation,a short plateau,and then a decline.IgM is the first antibody class produced,followed by a gradual switch to other classes,such as IgG.The secondary response has a shorter lag time,a more rapid logarithmic phase,a longer plat
24、eau phase,and a slower decline than the primary response.Mostly IgG and other isotypes are produced in the secondary response rather than IgM,and the average affinity of antibody produced is higher.,Natural immunity occurs through contact with a disease.Artificial:contrived by art rather than nature
25、,Artificial/natural immunization,Passive/active immunity,Passive immunity Results when a person receives protective substances produced by another human or animalActive immunity Develops immunity following direct exposure to pathogen,local treatment of the woundvaccination administration of rabies i
26、mmunoglobulin,post-exposure prophylaxis,Lymphatic system,Lymphatic and immune system,Lymphatic SystemNetwork of vessels that picks up excess tissue fluid,cleanses it,and returns it to circulatory systemPicks up fats absorbed by digestive systemImmune SystemFights disease and infections,Lymphatic sys
27、tem,The lymphatic system consists of a conducting network of lymphatic vessels,lymphatic organs and lymph.The major(encapsulated)lymphatic organs are the lymph nodes.,Anatomy and Physiology,First,removes excess tissue fluidCollects excess tissue fluid throughout body Purifies it as it passes through
28、 systemReturns it to circulatory system,Anatomy and Physiology,Second,lymph vessels around the small intestine assist with fat absorptionPicks up absorbed fats Delivers to circulatory systemThese lymph vessels are called lacteals(乳糜管),Anatomy and Physiology,Third,lymphatic and immune systems work to
29、getherForm a group of cells,tissues,organs,&moleculesDefense against pathogensIncluding foreign invaders and own cells that have become diseased,Lymphatic&Immune Combining Forms,adenoid/oadenoidsimmun/oprotectionlymph/olymphlymphaden/olymph nodelymphangi/olymph vessel,Lymphatic&Immune Combining Forms,path/odiseasesplen/ospleenthym/othymustonsill/otonsilstox/opoison-globulinglobal protein,Word Building with adenoid/o&immun/o,Lymphatic&Immune Vocabulary,Lymphatic&Immune Vocabulary,Lymphatic&Immune Vocabulary,Lymphatic and Immune Abbreviations,Lymphatic&Immune Abbreviations,
