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1、第六章基于TCP/IP的互连网络,通过本章的学习，您应该掌握以下内容：了解TCP/IP协议栈，各个分层的主要功能、IP协议的应用 掌握IP地址分类，子网掩码的作用，识别网络标识号、主机标识号，子网的数目 学会在路由器的端口正确设置IP地址和子网掩码用路由器连接两个不同的VLAN实现通讯,本章目标,早期的协议族全球范围,TCP/IP介绍,主机,Internet,TCP/IP,主机,TCP/IP 协议族,7,6,5,4,3,2,5,4,3,2,应用层,表达层,会话层,传输层,网络层,数据链路层,物理层,1,应用层,传输层,Internet层,数据链路层,物理层,1,应用层概述,*路由器使用,应用层
2、,传输层,Internet层,数据链路层,物理层,文件传输-TFTP*-FTP*-NFSE-Mail-SMTP远程登陆-Telnet*-rlogin*网络管理-SNMP*名称管理-DNS*,传输层概述,Transmission ControlProtocol(TCP)User Datagram Protocol(UDP),应用层,传输层,Internet层,数据链路层,物理层,面向连接非面向连接,TCP 数据格式,Source port(16),Destination port(16),Sequence number(32),Headerlength(4),Acknowledgement nu
3、mber(32),Reserved(6),Code bits(6),Window(16),Checksum(16),Urgent(16),Options(0 or 32 if any),Data(varies),20Bytes,Bit 0,Bit 15,Bit 16,Bit 31,端口号,TCP,端口号,FTP,传输层,TELNET,DNS,SNMP,TFTP,SMTP,UDP,应用层,21,23,25,53,69,161,RIP,520,TCP 端口号,源端口,目标端口,Host A,1028,23,SP,DP,Host Z,Telnet Z,目标端口=23.,发送 SYN(seq=100
4、ctl=SYN),接收 SYN,Host A,Host B,TCP 三次握手,发送 SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN),接收 SYN,发送 SYN,ACK(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack),Host A,Host B,接收 SYN,TCP 三次握手,发送 SYN(seq=100 ctl=SYN),接收 SYN,发送 SYN,ACK(seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack),建立会话(seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack),Host A,Host B,接收 SYN,TCP 三次握手,TCP 简单确认,滑动窗口=1,发送方,接收方,TCP 简
5、单确认,滑动窗口=1,发送方,接收方,发送 1,接收 1,TCP 简单确认,滑动窗口=1,发送方,接收方,发送 1,接收 1,接收 ACK 2,发送 ACK 2,TCP 简单确认,滑动窗口=1,发送方,接收方,发送 1,接收 1,接收 ACK 2,发送 ACK 2,发送 2,接收 2,TCP 简单确认,滑动窗口=1,发送方,接收方,发送 1,接收 1,接收 ACK 2,发送 ACK 2,发送 2,接收 2,接收 ACK 3,发送 ACK 3,TCP 简单确认,滑动窗口=1,发送方,接收方,发送 1,接收 1,接收 ACK 2,发送 ACK 2,发送 2,接收 2,接收 ACK 3,发送 ACK
6、 3,发送 3,接收 3,滑动窗口=1,发送方,接收方,发送 1,接收 1,接收 ACK 2,发送 ACK 2,发送 2,接收 2,接收 ACK 3,发送 ACK 3,发送 3,接收 3,接收 ACK 4,发送 ACK 4,TCP 简单确认,TCP 顺序号和确认号,源端口,目标端口,顺序号#,确认号#,Source,Dest.,Seq.,Ack.,1028,23,10,1,我发送#10.,TCP 顺序号和确认号,我已收到#10,现在我需要#11.,源端口,目标端口,顺序号#,确认号#,1028,23,Source,Dest.,10,Seq.,1,Ack.,1028,23,Source,Dest
7、.,11,Seq.,1,Ack.,我发送#10.,TCP 顺序号和确认号,源端口,目标端口,顺序号#,确认号#,1028,23,Source,Dest.,11,Seq.,2,Ack.,1028,23,Source,Dest.,10,Seq.,1,Ack.,1028,23,Source,Dest.,11,Seq.,1,Ack.,我已收到#10,现在我需要#11.,我发送#10.,TCP 顺序号和确认号,源端口,目标端口,顺序号#,确认号#,1028,23,Source,Dest.,11,Seq.,2,Ack.,1028,23,Source,Dest.,10,Seq.,1,Ack.,1028,23
8、,Source,Dest.,11,Seq.,1,Ack.,1028,23,Source,Dest.,12,Seq.,2,Ack.,我已收到#11,现在我需要#12.,我发送#11,TCP 窗 口,发送方,接收方,TCP 窗 口,Window size=3Send 2,发送方,接收方,Window size=3Send 1,Window size=3Send 3,Window size=3Send 2,TCP 窗 口,发送方,Window size=3Send 1,Window size=3Send 3,ACK 3Window size=2,数据 3 被丢弃,接收方,Window size=3S
9、end 2,TCP 窗 口,发送方,Window size=3Send 1,Window size=3Send 3,ACK 3Window size=2,数据 3 被丢弃,Window size=3Send 4,Window size=3Send 3,接收方,Window size=3Send 2,TCP 窗 口,发送方,Window size=3Send 1,Window size=3Send 3,ACK 3Window size=2,数据 3 被丢弃,Window size=3Send 4,Window size=3Send 3,ACK 5Window size=2,接收方,没有顺序号和确
10、认号,UDP 数据格式,Source port(16),Destination port(16),Length(16),Data(if any),1,Bit 0,Bit 15,Bit 16,Bit 31,Checksum(16),8Bytes,Internet 层概述,OSI 网络层对应的是TCP/IP的internet层,Internet Protocol(IP)Internet Control MessageProtocol(ICMP)Address ResolutionProtocol(ARP)Reverse AddressResolution Protocol(RARP),应用层,传输
11、层,Internet层,数据链路层,物理层,IP 数据,Version(4),Destination IP Address(32),Options(0 or 32 if any),Data(varies if any),1,Bit 0,Bit 15,Bit 16,Bit 31,HeaderLength(4),Priority&Type of Service(8),Total Length(16),Identification(16),Flags(3),Fragment offset(13),Time to live(8),Protocol(8),Header checksum(16),Sour
12、ce IP Address(32),20Bytes,决定上层协议,协议域,TransportLayer,InternetLayer,TCP,UDP,ProtocolNumbers,IP,17,6,ICMP协议,Application,Transport,Internet,Data Link,Physical,Destination UnreachableEcho(Ping)Other,ICMP,1,ARP协议,IP:172.16.3.2=?,我需要知道176.16.3.2的物理地址.,ARP协议,IP:172.16.3.2=?,ARP协议,IP:172.16.3.2 Ethernet:0800
13、.0020.1111,IP:172.16.3.2=?,ARP协议,映射 IP EthernetLocal ARP,IP:172.16.3.2 Ethernet:0800.0020.1111,IP:172.16.3.2=?,RARP协议,Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?,我的地址是多少？,RARP协议,Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?,我的地址是多少？,我听到了广播你的地址是 172.16.3.25.,RARP协议,Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?,我的地址是多少？,我听到了广播你的地址是 172.16.3.25.,RARP
14、协议,映射 Ethernet IP,Ethernet:0800.0020.1111 IP=?,我的地址是多少？,我听到了广播你的地址是 172.16.3.25.,断点连接需要确定的地址路径选择Location is represented by an address,TCP/IP地址介绍,SA,DA,HDR,DATA,IP 地 址,255,255,255,255,DottedDecimal,Maximum,Network,Host,32 bits,IP 地 址,255,255,255,255,DottedDecimal,Maximum,Network,Host,1286432168421,11
15、111111,11111111,11111111,11111111,Binary,32 bits,1,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,1286432168421,1286432168421,1286432168421,IP 地 址,255,255,255,255,DottedDecimal,Maximum,Network,Host,1286432168421,11111111,11111111,11111111,11111111,10101100,00010000,01111010,11001100,Binary,32 bits,172,16,122,204,ExampleDecimal
16、,ExampleBinary,1,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,1286432168421,1286432168421,1286432168421,Class A:Class B:Class C:Class D:多址地址 Class E:科研用,IP 地址分类,8 bits,8 bits,8 bits,8 bits,IP 地址分类,1,Class A:,Bits:,0NNNNNNN,Host,Host,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(1-126),1,Class B:,Bits:,10NNNNNN,Network,Host,Host,8,9,16,17,24
17、,25,32,Range(128-191),1,Class C:,Bits:,110NNNNN,Network,Network,Host,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(192-223),1,Class D:,Bits:,1110MMMM,Multicast Group,Multicast Group,Multicast Group,8,9,16,17,24,25,32,Range(224-239),主机地址,E1,172.16,12,12,网络,主机,.,.,网络,端口,E0E1,路由表,E0,11111111,计算可用的主机地址,172 16 0 0,10101100,0
18、0010000,00000000,00000000,16151413121110 9,87654321,网络,主机,00000000,00000001,11111111,11111111,11111111,11111110,.,.,00000000,00000011,11111101,1,2,3,65534,65535,65536,-,.,2,65534,N,2N-2=216-2=65534,IP地址分类练习,地址,类别,网络,主机,IP地址分类练习（答案）,地址,类别,网络,主机,A,B,C,C,B,Nonexistent,不设子网的地址,.,设置子网的地址,子网地址,E0,172.16,网
19、络,网络,端口,E0E1,新路由表,2,160,主机,.,.,E1,子网地址,E0,E1,172.16,2,160,网络,主机,.,.,网络,端口,E0E1,新路由表,子网,子网掩码,255,255,0,0,IPAddress,DefaultSubnetMask,8-bitSubnetMask,Network,Host,Network,Host,Network,Subnet,Host,“/16”表示子网掩码有16位.,“/24”表示子网掩码有24位.,11111111,11111111,00000000,00000000,十进制和二进制的转换,10000000=12811000000=1921
20、1100000=22411110000=24011111000=24811111100=25211111110=25411111111=255,128 6432168421,16,网络,主机,172,0,0,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,00000000,00000000,10100000,00000000,00000000,缺省情况下子网未划分,00000010,缺省情况下的子网掩码,网络号,扩展了8位地址的网络,利用子网掩码划分子网,16,网络,主机,255.255.255.0,172,2,0,10101100,
21、11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,00000000,00000000,00000010,子网,网络号,128192224240248252254255,利用子网掩码划分子网,网络,主机,255.255.255.192,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,子网,扩展了10位地址的网络,16,172,2,128,
22、网络好,128192224240248252254255,128192224240248252254255,子网掩码练习,地址,子网掩码,类别,子网,子网掩码练习（答案）,地址,子网掩码,类别,子网,B,A,A,广播地址,(Directed broadcast),(Local network broadcast),X,(All subnets broadcast),地址汇总示例,16,172,2,160,10101100,00010000,10100000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,4,1,地址汇总示例,10101100,11
23、111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,1,2,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,1,2,3,7,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,111
24、11111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,1,2,3,4,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,1,2,3,4,5,6,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111
25、111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,10000001,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,1,2,3,4,5,6,16,172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,00010000,11111111,11111111,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10111111,10000001,10111110,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,16,
26、172,2,160,地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10101100,00010000,00000010,10111111,10101100,00010000,00000010,10000001,10101100,00010000,00000010,10111110,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,16,172,2,160,
27、地址汇总示例,10101100,11111111,10101100,00010000,11111111,00010000,11111111,00000010,10100000,11000000,10000000,00000010,10101100,00010000,00000010,10111111,10101100,00010000,00000010,10000001,10101100,00010000,00000010,10111110,Host,Mask,Subnet,Broadcast,Last,First,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,16,172,2,160,Eight bi
28、ts of subnetting,Network,Subnet,Host,10101100,00010000,00000010,11111111,172.16.2.121:,255.255.255.0:,10101100,11111111,Subnet:,10101100,00010000,00010000,11111111,00000010,00000010,11111111,01111001,00000000,00000000,B类地址子网规划,Broadcast:,Network,子网划分,Other subnets,20 子网5 主机/子网C类地址：,11111000,Network,
29、Subnet,Host,192.168.5.121:,11000000,11111111,Subnet:,11000000,10101000,10101000,11111111,00000101,00000101,11111111,01111001,01111000,255.255.255.248:,C类地址子网规划,Five Bits of Subnetting,Broadcast:,Network,Network,11000000,10101000,00000101,01111111,广播地址练习,地址,类别,子网,广播地址,201.222.10.60,子网掩码,15.16.193.6,1
30、28.16.32.13,153.50.6.27,广播地址练习（答案）,地址,类别,子网,广播地址,201.222.10.60,C,子网掩码,15.16.193.6,A,128.16.32.13,B,153.50.6.27,B,配置交换机的IP地址,指明IP地址和子网掩码,Switch(config)#ip address ip-address subnet-mask,Switch(config)#ip default-gateway ip-address,指明缺省网关,配置路由器的IP地址,指明IP地址和子网掩码在路由器的端口配置模式下设置地址,Router(config-if)#ip add
31、ress ip-address subnet-mask,配置路由器的IP地址,Router(config-line)#ip netmask-format bitcount|decimal|hexadecimal,在行控制模式下设置IP地址的显示格式,Router#term ip netmask-format bitcount|decimal|hexadecimal,设置正确的IP地址显示格式,利用IP地址静态映射主机地址通过IP地址和主机名称选择端口,路由器的IP主机命名,Router(config)#ip host name tcp-port-numberaddress address,ip
32、 host Norineip,指明一个或多个名称服务器来解析逻辑地址,路由器名称服务器的设置,Router(config)#ip name-server server-address1 server-address2.server-address6,DNS Server,缺省情况下DNS为Enable,路由器的名称解析,Router(config)#ip domain-lookupRouter(config)#endRouter#patTranslating”pat.domain server(255.255.255.255)%Unknown command or computer name,
33、or unable to find computer addressRouter#config tRouter(config)#no ip domain-lookupRouter(config)#endRouter#patTranslating”pat%Unknown command or computer name,or unable to find computer addressRouter#,查看主机名称,Router#show hostsDefault domain is not setName/address lookup uses domain serviceHost Flags
34、 Age Type Address(es)Norine,显示主机列表,VLAN 概 述,VLAN 1,VLAN 2,ISL,网络层设备连接多个广播域,Router on a stick,Application,TCP,IP,ISL,Ethernet,FastE0/0,将物理端口划分为多个子端口,FastEthernet 0/0,FastEthernet 0/0.2,FastEthernet 0/0.3,FastEthernet 0/0.1,物理端口能够划分为多个逻辑的子端口,ISL 封 装,在子端口上激活ISL封装,Router(config-subif)#encapsulation isl
35、domain,不同VLAN间的路由,VLAN 1,VLAN 2,ISL,interface fastethernet 0/0 no ip address!interface fastethernet 0/0.1 ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation isl 1interface fastethernet 0/0.2 ip address 10.2.2.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation isl 2,FastE0/0,广域网间的路由,ISL,interface Serial0 ip,S0,VLAN 1,VLAN 2
36、,可视化目标,core_ server,wg_sw_a,wg_sw_l,.,e0/1,fa0/26(port A),e0/1,fa0/26(port A),fa0/1,fa0/12,fa0/24,core_sw_a,core_sw_b,fa0/12,fa0/1,fa0/13,fa0/13,fa0/27(port B),fa0/27(port B),wg_pc_a,wg_pc_l,Core_ro,fa0/23,fa0/0,fa0/14,fa0/14,VLAN2,VLAN13,SUBNETVLANPOD10.1.1.01wg_ro_x,wg_sw_x,core_sw_a,core_sw_b10.2
37、.2.02wg_pc_a,core_server,core_ro10.3.3.03wg_pc_b,core_server,core_ro10.4.4.04wg_pc_c,core_server,core_ro10.5.5.05wg_pc_d,core_server,core_ro10.6.6.06wg_pc_e,core_server,core_ro10.7.7.07wg_pc_f,core_server,core_ro10.8.8.0 8 wg_pc_g,core_server,core_ro10.9.9.09wg_pc_h,core_server,core_ro10.10.10.010wg
38、_pc_i,core_server,core_ro10.11.11.011wg_pc_j,core_server,core_ro10.12.12.012wg_pc_k,core_server,core_ro10.13.13.013wg_pc_l,core_server,core_ro,SUBNETVLANPOD10.1.1.01wg_ro_x,wg_sw_x,core_sw_a,core_sw_b10.2.2.02wg_pc_a,core_server,core_ro10.3.3.03wg_pc_b,core_server,core_ro10.4.4.04wg_pc_c,core_server
39、,core_ro10.5.5.05wg_pc_d,core_server,core_ro10.6.6.06wg_pc_e,core_server,core_ro10.7.7.07wg_pc_f,core_server,core_ro10.8.8.0 8 wg_pc_g,core_server,core_ro10.9.9.09wg_pc_h,core_server,core_ro10.10.10.010wg_pc_i,core_server,core_ro10.11.11.011wg_pc_j,core_server,core_ro10.12.12.012wg_pc_k,core_server,core_ro10.13.13.013wg_pc_l,core_server,core_ro,本章总结,完成本章的学习后，你应该能够掌握：了解TCP/IP协议族和各层的作用划分子网，识别IP地址的网络号和主机号在交换机和路由器上设置IP地址利用路由器连接不同的VLAN,问题回顾,1.TCP协议和UDP协议有和不同？2.和IP地址为：192.168.20.1 255.255.255.240,在同一网段的主机有哪些？3.在实现不同VLAN间通讯时什么是必须的？,
