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1、句 子 成 分Members of a Sentence,*句子成分由词或词组充当,英语的基本成分有七种：_和_,主语（subject）、,谓语（动词）（predicate）、,表语（predicative）、,宾语（object）、,定语（attribute）、,状语(adverbial),宾语补足语（complement）。,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型。,掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,一：+i（主不及物）二：+系+（主系表）三：+t+（主及物宾）四：+t+IO+D（主及物间宾直宾）五：+t+（主及物宾宾补）,基本句型 一：+i（主不及物）,主语：可以作主
2、语的成分有名词，主格代词，动词不定式，动名词等等。主语一般在句首。,谓语：谓语由动词构成，是英语时态、语态变化的主角，一般在主语之后。不及物动词（vi.）没有宾语，形成主谓结构，,如：1.We come.2.It is raining outside.3.They work hard.,+i（不及物动词）,1.The sunrose.2.Who cares?3.What he said does not matter.4.They talked for half an hour.5.The pen writes smoothly,此句型的句子有一个共同特点.即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。
3、这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,基本句型 二：+系+（主系表）,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。,系动词主要是起到连系主语和表语的作用。可分四类：1.表“是”如：be(am,is,are,was,were)2.表“感觉”如：look，feel，sound，smell，seem 3.表“变”如：get,turn,become,grow,go,come4.表“保持”如：keep,stay,（系动词）（表语）,1.This is an Eng
4、lish-Chinese dictionary.2.The dinner smells good.3.He fell in love.4.Everything looks different.5.His face turned red.6.Our well has gone dry.7.He is growing tall and strong.,*There be 结构：There be 表示存在有。这里的there没有实际意义，不可与副词 there那里混淆。此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物,试比较：There is a boy there.（那儿有一个男孩。）前一个there无实义，
5、后一个there为副词那里。,基本句型 三：+t+（主及物宾）,此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,（及物动词）（宾语）,1.Who knows the answer?2.He admits that he was mistaken3.He enjoys reading.4.He said Good morning.5.She looked after the old man.6.He has refused to help them.,基本句型 四：+t+IO+DO（主
6、及物间宾直宾）,有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,这两个宾语通常一个 指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。eg：give/pass/bring/show。,-Give me a cup of tea please.-Pass our English teacher the book.-Bring it to me,please.-Show this house to Mr.Smith.,（及物）IO（指人）DO（指物）,She ordered herself a new dress.2.He brought you a dictionary.3.I showed him my pictures.
7、4.I told him that the bus was late.5.He showed me how to run the machine.,基本句型 五：+t+（主及物宾宾补）,此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有：名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。,宾补一般由名词，形容词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词,过去分词充当。The war made him a soldier.（名词）New methods make
8、 the job easy.（形容词）I often find him at work.（介词短语）The teacher ask the students to close the windows.（不定式）I saw a cat running across the road.（现在分词）Our teacher found the windows closed.（过去分词）,（及物）（宾语）（宾补）,1.We called the boy Jim.2.They painted the door green.3.They found the door closed.4.He asked me
9、 to come back soon.5.I saw them getting on the bus.,a，+i b，+t+c，+系+d，+t+I+D e，+t+,1.Pleas tell us a story._2.She smiled._3.I have a lot work to do._4.His job is to train swimmers._5.He noticed a man enter the room._6.Please look at the picture._,d,a,e,b,e,c,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分
10、的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（adj./adv./n./数词）短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语The little boy needs a blue pen.,一、定语：,定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，译为的,定语通常位于被修饰的成分前,叫前置定语。复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后，叫后置定语。副词用作定语修饰名词时，须放在名词之后。,Two boys need two pens.（数词）His name is Tom.（代词）The
11、 boy in blue is Tom.（介短）The boy there needs a pen.（副词）The boy needs a ball pen.（名词）There is nothing to do today.（不定式）The pen bought by her is made in China.（过去分词短语）The boy you will know is Tom.（从句）,二、状语：,状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等,-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pe
12、n very much.,可用作状语的有：副词，不定式，介词短语，分词，从句等。,In the classroom,the boy needs a pen.在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）Before his mother,Tom is always a boy.在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语)On Sundays,there is no student in the classroom.星期天,教室里没有学生.(时间状语),介词短语作状语：,The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）To make
13、his dream come true,Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣.,不定式作状语：,He sits there,asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homework,the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）Frightened,he sits there soundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）,分词（短语）作状语：,一)挑出下列句中的宾语 My br
14、other hasnt done his homework.People all over the world speak English.How many new words did you learn last class?Some of the students in the school want to go swimming,how about you?The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.,(二)挑出下列句中的表语-The old man was feeling very tired.-The leaves have tur
15、ned yellow.-Soon They all became interested in the subject.,(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.What is your given name?2.I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3.The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4.I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!,(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and
16、 books in the reading-room.He asked her to take the boy out of school.She found it difficult to do the work.They call me Lily sometimes.I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.,(五)挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face.Every night he heard the noise upstairs.He began to learn English when he was eleven.Th
17、e man on the motorbike was traveling too fast.,With the medicine box under her arm,Miss Li hurried off.She loves the library because she loves books.I am afraid that if youve lost it,you must pay for it.The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.,状语从句：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从
18、句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句,-We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him,he adores her.,三、同位语：,同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分用来说明和解释另一个句子成分，这个句子成分就叫做它的同位语。We students should study hard.(students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students.(all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）,四、独立成分：,与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的独立成分感叹词：oh,h
19、ello,aha,ah,等。肯定词:yes否定词:no称呼语：称呼人的用语。插入语：一些句中插入的 I think,I believe,等。如:The story,I think,has never come to the end.我相信,这个故事还远没结束.,划分句子成分,You will tell your friend that youve got to school.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didnt dare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to
20、 be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4.The dark,rainy evening,the wind,the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.,1.You will tell（your）friend that youve got to school.2.But as the moon gave far too much light,I didntdare open a window.3.Another time five months ago,I happened to beUpstairs at dusk(when the window was open).4.The(dark,rainy)evening,the wind,the thunderingClouds held me entirely in their power.,主语,谓语,间宾,定语,直接宾语,原因状语,主语,谓语,宾语,
