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1、第一节 南美洲人文地理特征,一、区域特征1、名称南亚美利加洲，简称南美洲(South America)。2、位置位于西半球的南部，东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北滨加勒比海，南隔德雷克海峡与南极洲相望。一般以巴拿马运河为界同北美洲相分。,3、范围大陆东至布朗库角（西经3446，南纬709），南至弗罗厄德角（西经7118，南纬5354），西至帕里尼亚斯角（西经8120，南纬441），北至加伊纳斯角（西经7140，北纬1228）。,3、面积 约1 797万平方千米（包括附近岛屿），约占世界陆地总面积的12。地理区域：从地理区域上划分为：南美北部诸国，包括圭亚那、苏里南、法属圭亚那、委内瑞拉和哥伦比亚。安
2、第斯山地中段诸国，包括厄瓜多尔、秘鲁、玻利维亚。南美南部诸国，包括智利、阿根廷、乌拉圭、巴拉圭。南美东部国家巴西，面积约占大陆总面积的一半。,4、居民人口 32 500万，约占世界总人口的5.6。人口分布不平衡，西北部和东部沿海一带人口稠密，广大的亚马孙平原是世界人口密度最小的地区之一，每平方千米不到一人。人口分布的另一特点是人口高度集中在少数大城市。,The population accounts for 375 million.By 2030,it would reach 484.The growth rate(1,2%)is decreasing.Only four nations ex
3、ceed 30 million(Brazil:174,Colombia:43,Argentina 39).,People concentrate in towns:In 2000,77.2%lived in urban areas.Sao Paulo(17.9 million),Buenos Aires(12 million),Rio de Janeiro(10.6 million)are the main towns.Outside the cities,the population density is very low,with large spaces uninhabited.,5、民
4、族 南美洲民族成分比较复杂，有印第安人、白人、黑人及各种不同的混血型，以印欧混血型最多。在近3亿人口中，白人最多，其次是印欧混血型和印第安人，黑人最少。,6、语言印第安人用印第安语，巴西的官方语言为葡萄牙语，法属圭亚那官方语言为法语，圭亚那官方语言为英语，苏里南官方语言为荷兰语，其它国家均以西班牙语为官方语言。,7、宗教居民绝大多数信天主教，少数信基督教。,二、社会不平等1-Racial inequalitiesAccording to this marxist speech,many people in Europe believe that South America is inhabit
5、ed by a large majority of poor indians and black dominated by some white landlords.In fact,Indians and blacks only form a small minority compared to the white and mestizo.,Categories-Million-%Europeans descent(White)-195-55%Mestizo-125-35%Native indians-21-6%Blacks-15-4%Total-353-100%,All the southe
6、rn cone of South America(Argentina,Chile,Uruguay,Southern Brazil)has primarily European populations(95%).Most of the mestizo live notably in Brazil and Colombia.Native indians only represent a majority in two countries(Bolivia and Peru).Blacks are scattered in the North of the continent(Mainly North
7、 Brazil:About ten million).In countries with ethnic diversity such as Brazil,it is quite difficult to distinguish a mestizo from a white(Same habits and dressing,same religion,same behaviors).A common identity relies on religion and language.It means that there is no ground for race inequalities.,On
8、 the other hand,natives indians keep a strong identity.It is currently said that they endure some discriminations.This fact calls for a balanced judgment.In French Guyana(a French department just like Normandy)there are yet some tribes living in the rain forest.For their preservation,it is absolutel
9、y forbidden to travel in a region as large as one third of the department.Why?Because through contact with Europeans,these indians could catch some virus harmless for us but lethal for them since they have not developed immune protections.,As you can see,the problem is more complicated than the scho
10、lars say.For indians,to live apart can be a vital issue.Its not only a matter of discrimination and inequalities.For example,the fast disappearing of indians in Brazil(Only 700,000 on a population of 174 million)mainly results of diseases due to their contacts with the seringueros.,2-Social inequali
11、tiesPoverty and inequalities are a common motto in any description of the economy of South America.It is commonly said that a third of its population is living in shanty towns and that inequalities are the most extreme in the world.These asserts call for a balanced judgment.,Firstly,in visiting fava
12、llas(shanty towns)I observed that people have often TV set,radio appliances,refrigerators and so on.Moreover,people live constantly outside and their housing is adapted to the climate condition.Secondly,a large part of their poor budgets is devoted to dressing,sports articles,disks musics and so on.
13、Thirdly,these people are constantly smiling and singing.They enjoy a high degree of conviviality that does not exist any more in Europe.They look more happy than our middle class.In short,I mean that you cannot judge poverty by comparison with our conditions(climate,habits,tastes)in Europe.,As for t
14、he inequalities,they usually rise with the economic development:Lets us suppose two persons:A earning 100 and B 1000:Their difference is 900.Now apply a growth rate of 10%:A earns 110 and B 1100.As a result the difference is now 990!Moreover,inequalities allow savings and investments.So all these sp
15、eeches about poverty and inequalities must be relativized.,3-Land inequalitiesThousands scholars have written tons of surveys and books about this topic in Europe and America.It is well known that there are huge inequalities in the distribution of land.For example in Argentina,2.5%of the total ranch
16、es(Estancias)cover two thirds of the cultivable land.Marxists repeat at large these figures opposing the land lords to the poor peasants.,In fact,with the economic progress the value of the land sharply diminishes and the decline of the agricultural economy is constant:Today,only 20%of the populatio
17、n is rural,and 10%of the national product comes from agriculture.It means that most of the former poor farmers have already moved to get jobs in towns.Of course,it is a progress since its better to get a good salary in industry rather than to exploit a small agricultural plot in the pampas!,However,
18、an agrarian(有关土地的)issue only exists in the Andean countries.In this region the weight of the rural sector is above the South American average(Bolivia:44%,Ecuador:29%and Peru:33%).This situation is connected to the presence of native indians who cannot move towards the towns for the reasons exposed a
19、bove.In fact,these countries have already abolished the large estates and distributed the land among the peasants.Of course,as in other countries where land reforms have been established,this policy did not improve the output because this small peasant agriculture cannot be profitable.,It means that
20、 all these speeches about land inequalities are just out dated stories.Presently,the South American agriculture relies on large agri business replacing former latifundia and exploiting the potential of these big spaces:biogenetic diversity(pharmaceutical industries),as well as livestock,oil,and mini
21、ng resources.,三、经济发展格局南美洲各国经济发展水平和经济实力相差悬殊。巴西和阿根廷为经济最为发达的国家，加之委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、智利和秘鲁，六国国内生产总值占全洲的以上。各国现代代经济都高度集中在少数大城市或沿海地区，山区和边远地区经济落后。,第二次世界大战后，南美洲经济发展很快，经济结构发生显著变化。但各国经济水平和经济实力相距甚远。巴西、阿根廷已建立了比较完备的国民经济体系，两国国内生产总值约占全洲23。委内瑞拉、哥伦比亚、智利、秘鲁经济也较发达。,In 1990,the global GDP of the 12 countries accounted for 778$Bi
22、llion.It increased to 1,235 Billion in 1999(GNI).It was quite a success story.Then,it fell and only attained 1,089 Billion in 2004!Of course erratic moves of currencies partly explain this situation but the region(And notably Argentina)really endured a depression.The next drawing shows the evolution
23、 of the main economies over the five last years(In yearly growth rate):,Years-2000-2001-2002-2003-2004 Brazil-4%-1%-2%-1%-5%Argentina-1%-4%-11%-9%-9%Venezuela-4%-3%-9%-8%-1%Colombia-3%-1%-2%-4%-4%Chile-4%-3%-2%-3%-6%Peru-3%-0%-5%-4%-5%,In Argentina,according to official government statistics,about 5
24、.2 million people belonging to the middle class sank below the poverty line between October 2001 and May 2002.A growth recovery happened in 2004 but did not compensate the heavy losses of the previous years.In accordance with these figures,and taking in account the present political uncertainties(Ch
25、avez),we may only forecast a yearly growth rate of 2.5%on average over 26 years.As a result,the Global GNI would reach 2,071$Billion in 2030.(Brazil:About 1,190 in 2030).,四、产业发展格局1、工矿业 工业以采矿业和制造业最为重要。采矿业是南美各国的基础部门，大部分矿产供出口，委内瑞拉、阿根廷、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁等国的石油；巴西、委内瑞拉、智利的铁；玻利维亚的锡、锑；智利、秘鲁的铜；圭亚那、苏里南的铝土；秘鲁的铅、锌、银、铋；智利的
26、硝石、钼；巴西的铌的产量或出口量在世界占据重要地位。轻工业为南美多数国家制造业的主体，肉类加工、制糖、饮料、皮革、纺织、服装等部门较发达。钢铁、汽车、化工、橡胶、电器、机械等重工业集中在巴西、阿根廷、委内瑞拉、智利、秘鲁、哥伦比亚等国家。,2、农业 农业在南美各国经济中具有重要意义。种植业中经济作物占据绝对优势。南美洲是可可、向日葵、菠萝、马铃薯、木薯、巴西橡胶树、烟草、金鸡纳树、玉米、番茄、巴拉圭茶、辣椒等栽培植物的原产地。甘蔗、香蕉、咖啡分别占世界总产量的20-25，其中巴西的咖啡和香蕉产量均居世界第一位；可可、柑橘均占世界总产量的25左右，其中巴西的可可产量居世界第三位；剑麻产量居各洲第
27、二位，主要产在巴西；巴西木薯产量居世界第一位。南美洲向世界提供所需咖啡、香蕉、蔗糖的绝大部分及大量的棉花、可可、剑麻等。东南部阿根廷等国则大量出口肉类和粮食。牛、羊的总头数在世界上占重要地位。沿海盛产鳀鱼、沙丁鱼、鳗鱼、鲈鱼、金枪鱼等，秘鲁和智利为世界著名渔业国。南美洲大部分国家中多数人从事农业生产，但粮食生产仍不足自给，大多数国家需进口粮食。,3、交通交通运输以铁路、公路为主。阿根廷和巴西交通较发达。圭亚那、苏里南、委内瑞拉、乌拉圭、智利等国拥有较稠密的公路网。南美洲公路总长约2 000 000千米，铁路总长约85 000千米，内河通航里程约100 000千米。,拉美模式功过评述,拉美国家在
28、不同的历史时期和不同的经济发展阶段实行了多种经济模式。近年来，巴西等一些拉美国家的反对新自由主义经济政策和全球化的左翼力量代表人物相继在大选中获胜。这在不同程度上反映出拉美人民要求寻求经济可持续发展的新路子和新模式。在世纪末和世纪初，拉美主要国家在实施初级产品出口型经济发展模式过程中，依靠引进的大量外资，建设港口、铁路和公路等基础设施。外国直接投资在推动和促进拉美经济和社会的发展中发挥了十分重要的作用，使拉美国家融入了世界经济体系。但是，在经历了世纪年代世界经济危机的严重冲击后，拉美国家逐步改变以初级产品出口为主的经济发展模式，转而实行以强化国家对经济的干预、保护民族工业为特点的“进口替代”工
29、业化发展模式。墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷和智利等主要拉美国家以外资为依托，开始由普通工业消费品“进口替代”发展到耐用消费品和中间产品的“进口替代”，最终实现机器、设备等生产资料的“进口替代”，逐步形成了较为完整的工业体系。世纪年代，拉美一些国家采取了对外资企业及濒临破产的中、小企业实行国有化的政策，加强国家对经济活动的控制和直接干预等激进措施，实行“举外债促发展”的战略。有关材料显示，拉美的外债总额从年的亿美元增加到年的亿美元。其中，巴西、墨西哥和阿根廷等拉美大国陷入了借新债还旧债的恶性循环。首先是墨西哥最终不堪重负，于年月宣布无力偿还外债，拉美债务危机由此爆发。债务危机随后又诱发了经济危机，使世纪
30、年代的拉美经济一直处在“双重危机”的阴影下。拉美发生这两次危机后，墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷和智利等国开始实行西方新自由主义经济理论和发展模式，采取减少政府对经济活动的直接干预，放宽对外资的限制、实行部分国有企业私有化、金融贸易自由化、改革养老金制度和主要经济政策市场化的做法，进行了一场深刻的经济体制和经济结构改革，顺应了世界经济全球化的趋势。世纪年代以来，拉美实行的上述改革提高了该地区的发展水平。在世界低等收入地区中，拉美的人均国民收入最高，达美元。墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷和智利等国家的经济基础已相当雄厚，某些科技领域的发展水平甚至在国际上也令人瞩目。然而，在世纪年代后期以来的多年中，拉美的经济改革在
31、强化市场作用的同时，却极大地削弱了政府的作用，导致政府在推进经济社会协调发展方面难有作为，地区经济增长缓慢。新自由主义全盘否定了拉美国家以往实行的发展模式与经济政策，片面强调市场机制的功能和作用，轻视国家干预在经济和社会发展进程中的重要性，导致了拉美国家出现了收入不均、贫富差距加大等问题。新自由主义经济政策在日益尖锐的社会矛盾下暴露出了种种弊端。一些拉美问题专家认为，近几年来，拉美一些国家左派开始上台的直接原因是人们开始认识到新自由主义经济政策的危害，并希望采取一些“左”倾的政策和新的发展模式化解矛盾。但他们同时表示，在目前情况下，拉美国家的经济政策只能逐渐改变，即使在某些左翼政府领导的国家也是如此。,
