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1、第四章 翻译技巧,词类转换法、增词法、重复法和减词法,一、复习(作业),二、词类转换法,词类转换翻译法是指在翻译过程中，将源语中某种词性的词语翻译成目的语中另一种词性的词语的翻译方法。(一)转换成动词1.The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.医生非常迅速地到达了，并且非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快康复了。,I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.
2、I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。小结：英语中“具有动态概念的名词”在翻译成汉语时转换成动词。,2.We are especially grateful to you for arranging the meeting for us with the Delegation at such short notice.我们特别感谢你们在时间那么短促的情况下安排我们同交易团成员们会面。They were news-hungry.他们迫切地想弄到消息。小结：英语中的“be+形容词”的系表
3、结构可以被转换成汉语中的动词。,3.They called for“a Socialist republic based on Islam”.他们要求建立“一个以伊斯兰教为基础的社会主义共和国”。We were fortunate in our opponent.有这样一个对手，倒是我们的幸运。小结：英语句子中还有许多含有动作意味的前置词，如：across、past、toward等，汉译时也往往译成动词。,4Adv.V.I must be off now.我现在得走了。The whole country was up in arms.全国都已发动起来，拿起了武器。小结：英语原文中具有动态意义的
4、名词、前置词、形容词和副词，在英译汉时常转译成动词。,(二)转译成名词,1 His speech impressed the audience deeply.他的演讲给听众留下深刻的印象。Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。小结：英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其译成汉语名词。如果原文中的动词有副词修饰时，应当将该副词转化成相应的形容词来修饰译文中相应的名词。,2.Out of corner of his eye he co
5、uld see the landscape.It was industrial and at that hour,sad.她眼角的余光还能瞥见窗外的景色。这里是工业区，此刻一片萧条景象。He is always smiling,and his face is as bright as an angels from heaven.他笑容可掬，脸上的神采比得过下凡的天使。小结：将英语句子中的形容词转译成名词，主要是根据汉语表达习惯的需要，一方面真实地再现原文表达的信息，另一方面使读者感到顺畅自然。,3.Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S.press
6、and officialdom during this period,victimized for his views.在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界不公正的对待，由于他的观点，他受到了迫害。小结：有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以对成“受(遭)到+名词”、“予（加）以+名词”这类结构。如果被动结构中的动词有副词修饰时，将该副词变成相应的形容词，修饰译文中的名词。,（三）其它词类转换,1.形容词与副词的互相转译In his speech he laid special stress on raising the living standard of the people.他在讲话中特别强调
7、提高人民的生活水平。Buckley was in a clear minority.巴克利显然属于少数。小结:英语名词译成汉语动词时，修饰名词的形容词往往转译成汉语副词。,2.名词与副词的互相转译,He had the honor to meet the U.S.president.他荣幸地见到了美国总统。He is physically weak but mentally sound.他身体虽弱，但思想健康。,三、增词法,增词法是翻译过程中一种很重要的翻译技巧，指在翻译时按意义(或修辞)和句法的需要，增加一些词，更忠实、更通顺地表达原文译者视为当然而译文读者却不知道的意义。,1 增加表示名词
8、复数的词,The middle-aged teacher carried on teaching work in spite of the diseases.尽管那位中年教师身患种种疾病，他仍坚持进行教学工作。2.增加表达时态的词There lay one of the chief difficulties.这就是当时的主要困难之一。,3 根据语义增词Radar is very important to ships on the sea.对海上航行的船来说，雷达是非常重要的。(形容词)4.增加原文省略而译文不能省略的词We wont retreat;we never have and neve
9、r will.我们不后退，我从来没后退过，将来也决不后退。,5 为增加背景知识或文化知识而增词This great scientist was born in New England.这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。,三、重复法,1用于表达强调语势的重复(1)英语中重复最重要的词，使读者留下深刻印象。这类情况在汉译时一般同样重复。What we want,first ad foremost,is to learn,to learn and to learn.们们首先需要的是学习，学习再学习。,(2)英语对仗的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的重复。Fir
10、st come,first served.先到者，先供应。(3)英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词whoever,whenever,wherever等，汉译时往往使用重复法。Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free.你什么时候有空，就什么时候支我办公室来谈一谈。,(4)英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语时可以用同义词重复之。They would read and re-read the secret notes.他们往往一遍又一遍地反复琢磨这些密件。2用于表达明确具体的重复当原文中出现几个所共有的部分时，该共同部分
11、往往需要重复译出。We have to analyse and solve problems.我们必须分析问题，解决问题。(重复共同的宾语)A large family has its difficulties大家庭有大家庭的难处。(重复所代名词)Is he a friend or an enemy?他是朋友呢？还是仇人？(重复所代动词)You may go with them if you want to.你愿意去的话，也可以和他们一起去。(重复省略部分),3用于表达生动活泼的重复,(1)运用词的重叠He had his experiment report all written out n
12、eatly.他的实验报告写得清清楚楚。(2)运用四字词组He showed himself calm in an emergency situation他在情况危急时，态度从容，镇定自若。,四、减词法,1 从语法角度看He set out with three neighbors to whom he pointed out the placewhere he had picked up the bit of string;and all the way home he talked of nothing else.他跟三个邻居一起出发，()把()捡起绳子的地点指给他们看，一路上()一直不断地
13、讲这件事。(省略人称代词),Ill let you know as soon as it is arranged.()安排好了我就通知你。(省略非人称或强式的it)He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧愁()不安。(省略连接词)。The blind deserve our help.盲人理应得到帮助。(省略表示某一类人的定冠词the)Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.()仓库重地，不准抽烟。,2 从修辞角度看,University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。Remember:you are not any old Tom,Dick or Harry giving his opinion.You are a man who was sent as a representative of the British Government.你要记住：你不是一个普普通通的老百姓可以随便发表意见。你是英国政府派出的()代表。,
