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1、2.不定式（infinitive）,类别,1.动名词（gerund）,3.分词（participle）,动名词,The Gerund,动名词，顾名思义，具有双重作用：它既有动词的作用（后面可加自己的宾语），又有名词的作用（可以做句子的主语、宾语等）。,定义,一、动名词作主语,例子 1：Constant dropping wears a stone away.,例子 2：Speaking English fluently needs a lot of practice.,二、动名词作表语,例子 1.Your job will be babysitting.,例子 2.The problem wi
2、th me is remembering new words.,三、动名词作宾语,有些动词只能接动名词做宾语，而不能接不定式。这是考试中常见的考点。请大家务必多练多用多读多说，尽量培养语感，这比单纯死记硬背这些枯燥的词汇要容易得多。,常见的动词有：advise,admit,appreciate,avoid,allow,bear,cant help,cease,delay,deny,discourage,enjoy,envy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,imagine,keep,mind,miss,permit,postpone,practice,risk,等等。,例句
3、：,1.She admitted stealing(having stolen)the bicycle.,2.I couldn t help laughing after I heard the news.,3.The company has ceased trading in this area.,4.When can you finish writing the novel?,5.Would you mind working overtime without being paid?,练习：,1 Mark often attempts to escape_ whenever he break
4、s traffic regulations.A)having been fined B)to have been fined C)to be fined D)being fined,2.People appreciate _with him because he has a good sense of humor.A)to work B)to have worked C)working D)having working,选择题：,汉译英：,1.她不想冒着失去工作的危险。（risk）,She doesn t want to risk losing her job.,2.他拒不承认他对这个计划有任
5、何的了解。(deny),He denied knowing anything about the plan.,3.这只鸟没有被射中。(miss),The bird missed being shot.,4.政府正在考虑取消这个工程。,The government is considering canceling the project.,凡是动词+介词、名词+介词或形容词+介词形成的词组，都要求接动名词做宾语，因为几乎所有介词后的动词都要使用动名词形式。,例句：,1.He insisted on doing it in his own way.,2.I m looking forward to
6、 seeing you again.,3.He has no interest in learning music.,4.The teacher hasnt succeeded in convincing him.,5.Is there any place you are keen on visiting?,练习：,例 1：He gives people the impression _ all his life abroad.A)of having spent B)to have spent C)of being spent D)to spent,例 2：You may still have
7、 a problem riding a tricycle even if you are quite used _ a bicycle.A)to ride B)to riding C)to have ridden D)to be riding,*所有的介词后面的动词都应该是动名词（某些句子中的特殊结构除外）。比较容易错的是介词“to”，因为它也是一个不定式的符号。因此要记住下面的短语：,be used to;look forward to;be opposed to;devote(give)to;contribute to;pay attention to;object to 等等。,汉译英：
8、,1.这些孩子一直盼望着参观北京。,These children have been looking forward to visiting Beijing.,2.他把他大部分课余时间都用在提高听力技巧上了。,He devoted most of his spare time to improving his listening skills.,“It is+名词或形容词+动名词”句型。满足这个句型的形容词通常是：no good,no use,senseless,useless,waste,worthwhile等。,例 1：It s no use talking to him about it
9、.,例 2：Do you think it worthwhile investing a large sum of money in this project?,动名词短语之前可以有一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示它的逻辑主语。当这一结构不处于句首时，逻辑主语用名词的普通格式或代词宾语更自然些。,例 1.：_ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.A)The girl was educated B)The girl educated C)The girls being educated D)The gi
10、rl to be educated,例 2.Although punctual himself,the professor was quite used _ late for his lecture.A)to have students B)for students being C)for students to be D)to students being,这句话也如果改一下，更加自然和口语化：,Although punctual himself,the professor was quite used to students(them)being late for his lecture.
11、,返回,不定式,The Infinitives,A)结构,不定式的主动态是to do，其否定式是not to do，被动态是to be done，进行态是to be doing，完成态是to have done。,例子：Sir Denis,who is 78,has made it known that much of his collection _ to the nation.A)has left B)is to leave C)leaves D)is to be left,B)功能,用作主语、宾语、定语、状 语、宾语（主 语）补 足 语 等。,a.直接作主语,1）To be a man
12、is much easier than to be a woman.,2）To go to the ball with such poor clothes is a shame on me.,1不定式做主语,例1：It is not unusual for boys to have a long hair nowadays.,b.用形式主语代替：,c.作表语,My duty is to make you well behaved and disciplined.,例2：It is good of you to always take others into consideration.,汉泽英
13、：,1.乘地铁到火车站更方便。,It is more convenient to take underground(subway)to the railway station.,2.你给了我这么多的帮助，真是太好了。,How kind it is of you to help me so much!,a.不定式做宾语补足语,有 些 动 词 和 短 语 可 用 不 定 式 做 宾 语 补 足 语，构 成 句 型：主 语+谓 语 动 词+宾 语+不 定 式。,2.不定式做补足语的用法,例句：,2)I prefer you to do this job because you are more ca
14、reful.,3)Didn t I warn you not to play around with the computer?,4)Three years efforts enabled her to be enrolled in a prestigious university.,1)I strongly advise you to stay away from that fishy guy.,这样的动词有：advise,allow,ask,assist,bear,beg,cause,command,direct,enable,encourage,forbid,force,get,hate
15、,help,inspire,instruct,intend,invite,lead,like,mean,need,order,permit,persuade,prefer,recommend,remind,request,require,teach,tell,urge,want,warn,wish等。,汉译英：,1.爸爸妈妈总是鼓励我不要气馁。(encourage),My parents always encourage me not to lose heart.,2.爱因斯坦被迫离开德国来到美国。(force),Einstein was forced to leave Germany for
16、 the US.,3.贝克汉姆生病使他与这场比赛失之交臂。(cause),Beckhams illness caused him to miss the game.,4.我们很想去郊游，但天气不容许。(permit),The weather didnt permit us to go for an outing,thought we wanted very much to.,典型 错误：,1.suggest sb.to do sth.,2.hope sb.to do sth.,3.think sb.to do sth.,b)不定式做主语补足语,上面的句子如果变成了被动语态，宾语补足语 就成了主
17、语 补足语,例1：The street was not meant to have so much traffic.,例 2:Everybody was encouraged to develop their own interest at that university.,例：The ancient Egyptians are supposed _ rockets to the moon.A)to send B)to be sending C)to have sent D)to have been sending,练习：,c)动词短语后的补足语,这样的短语有：call on（请求）,care
18、 for（关心）,count on（依靠，指望）,depend on（依赖、依靠）,long for（渴望）,vote for（选举）,rely on（信赖）,wait for（等待）。,还有一些动词和词组用不定式做宾语补足语时不带to，但在被动形式时，其宾语补足语不定式必须带to。这样的动词和词组有 let,make,have,look at,see,watch,notice,observe,overhear,hear,listen to,feel。,汉译英：,老师要求我在班会上 发言。(call on),The teacher called on me to speak at the cl
19、ass meeting.,我喜欢看孩子们在湖上划船。(watch),I like to watch kids boat in the lake.,例2：Sally was made _ a music instrument though he didnt want to.learnB)to learnC)learning D)learnt,例：They are going to have the serviceman _ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.install B)to install C)to be installed D)install
20、ed,选择题：,3.不定式做宾语,大量的动词后可以加不定式做宾语。常用的 动词有：want,wish,hope,hate,manage,ask,offer,promise,pretend,intend,attempt,decide,learn,desire,agree,care,choose,determine,undertake,expect,continue,prefer,try,remember,forget,mean,start,begin,like,等。,例句：,1)They preferred not to put this on the agenda.,2)He offered
21、to sponsor the charity organization.,3)Mother warned him never to drive after drinking.,4)The young man told the doctor that he didn t need to have his heart checked.,4)有些动词后既可加不定式，也可加动名词，但用法不同，意义也不同。注意remember,forget,stop,regret,go on,afford,attempt,try,等单词的用法。,练习：,1)If I had remembered _ the windo
22、w,the thief would not have got in.A)to close B)closing C)to have closed D)having closed,选择题：,2)Martin could never forget _ President Roosevelt during World War II.A)to meetB.meetingB)to have met D.met,几个动词的特殊用法：,need,want,deserve,require 这几个词的共同特点是：它们后面既可加不定式，也可加动名词，意义相同。但是，表示被动时，动名词依然使用主动形式，不定式则变成被
23、动形式。其中，这几个词后面加动名词的格式是常考项目之一。,例子：Your hair wants _.Youd better have it done tomorrow.A)cut B)to cut C)cutting D)being cut,对比：Your hair wants(needs)to be cut.Not:being cut.,dislike,hate,like,love,prefer 这些词加动名词时，表示喜欢或讨厌一般性、习惯性或发生过的某事、某物；加不定式时，表示喜欢或讨厌的、偶然一次的、打算做的某事、某物。,I like to be a teacher.(目前不一定是。）,
24、I like being a teacher.(目前一定是。）,例句：,prefer的用法稍微复杂一点，它后面加不定式还是加动名词通常是由它的固定结构或习惯用法决定的。常见的结构是：would prefer+to do（更想做某事）;prefer doing A to doing B（比起做B来说，更喜欢做A。）特别注意：这里的比较使用的不是than，而是to）。,例 1.Mr.Johnson preferred to be given heavier work to do.,例 2.Many old people prefer walking to riding a bicycle.,比较：
25、Many old people prefer to walk rather than ride a bicycle.,一些动词，特别是系动词，如appear,chance,come,fail,get,happen,manage,prove,seem,tend,turn out等，后面接不定式，形式上是宾语，实际是一种复合结构句型，除人、物做主语外，还可用it做主语，所跟to be可省略。,The thief turned out to be handicapped.,比较：It turned out that the thief was handicapped.,例1：He may appea
26、r _ but actually he is quite clever.A)fool B)to be fool C)being a fool D)to be a fool,例 2：Id rather read than watch television;the programs seem _ all the time.A)to get worse B)to have got worse C)to be getting worse D)getting worse,4.不定式做定语,不定式做定语时，与中心词之间在逻辑上有多种关系，其中可能是修饰与被修饰的关系。也就是,不定式修饰中心词；不定式短语末
27、的介词与中心词组成介词短语，修饰不定式。这些动词不定式可能是及物的（带宾 语），也可能是不及物的，要特别注意不要漏掉不定式短语末的介词。,换句话说，有三种逻辑关系：,主谓关系：,She said that she was the last person to love me.,动宾关系,Do you think he is the right person to depend on?,同位关系,I lost the chance to go to university those days.,常见的和不定式有同位关系的名词：wish,way,plan,time,chance,opportuni
28、ty,reason,determination,decision,intention,ambition,等等。,Note:,1)不定式作定语往往当时还没有发生的动作。,例：Jacky Chans movie to be shown next week will be very enjoyable.,2）作定语时，如若判定是动宾关系，用的是不及物动词短语，注意用适当的介词使之具有动宾关系。,例：We need a better place to put the pandas in.,汉译英：,1.我们需要有人来帮忙打字。,We need someone to help with the typi
29、ng.,2.她是一个很好共事的人。,She is a very good person to work with.,3.老板有什么理由解雇你呢？,What reason does the boss have to fire you?,4.在随后的岁月里，他去了很多国家。,In the years to come,he went to many different countries.,选择题：,例1：Could you find someone_？A)for me to play tennis with B)for me to play tennis C)play tennis with D)
30、playing tennis,例2：The pressure_causes Americans to be energetic,but it also puts them under a constant emotional strain.A)to compete C)to be competed B)competing D)having competed,5.不定式做状语,不定式作状语修饰谓语动词，表示行为的目的、结果、原因等等。但主要是用来表示目的。,例：He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself.(表结果）,1.We e
31、at to live.We dont live to eat.,2.He rushed out only to find his car was gone.,3.We jumped with joy to hear the exciting news.,表目的,表结果,表原因,汉译英：,今天早上他起身很早，以免上学再迟到(so as to)。,He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.,要当尖子学生，你应更加努力学习。,You should study even harder(in order
32、)to be a top student.,他们太激动了以至说不出一句话来了。(tooto),They were too excited to say a word.,发现屋子里空无一人，他们很奇怪。,They were surprised to find that nobody was in the house.,返回,现在分词,过去分词,Present Participle,Past Participle,让我们先来看看下列的句子：1.Getting on his horse,the soldier rode off.2.A boy,wounded in the street fight,
33、came limping(瘸)by.,第一个句子中，getting on 是soldier发出的动作，不再是语法意义上的谓语；但它还带有宾语horse,因此含有动词的意味。这就是分词的特征。与逻辑主语呈主谓关系。第二个句子中，wounded也有动词和形容词的特征。这个过去分词还有被动的意思。与逻辑主语呈被动关系。,用法,As predictive(作表语),As attributive(作定语),As object complement(作宾语补足语),As adverbial(作状语),插入语，独立结构,结束,a)分词作表语,1.The game is interesting.2.They
34、are interested in model cars.3.The news is exciting.4.The rice is well cooked.,b)分词做定语,1.Thats an interesting story.2.I hear a barking dog.3.I have often seen falling stars.4.There is great danger in approaching a wounded tiger.5.A burnt child dreads(惧怕)the fire.,分词放在被修饰的名词之前,如果是分词词组，则放在被修饰的名词之后,The
35、 boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.,例：As early as 1647,Ohio made a decision that free,tax supported schools must be established in every town _ 50 households or more.A)having B)to have C)to have had D)having had,如果被修饰的名词是 something,anything,everything,nothing 等，分词也放在它们的后面,1.Th
36、ere is nothing interesting.(名词nothing,分词interesting)2.I felt something crawling up my leg.(something,crawling),c)分词作宾语补语,We saw a boat coming slowly towards us.,I found her writing something.,Have you heard the language spoken?,Youd better have your shoes mended.,选择题,例：After the Arab states won inde
37、pendence,great emphasis was laid on expanding education,with girls as well as boys _ to go to school.A)to be encouraged B)being encouraged C)been encouraged D)be encouraged,例：When I caught him _ I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.A)cheating B)cheat C)to cheat D)to be
38、 cheating,1.I saw him walking in the street.2.He kept water boiling.3.I met him coming down the street.4.I heard them singing in the classroom.5.We found the baby crying.,“have.v+-ed(done)”表示过去分词的动作非主语所属。1.I have my hair cut.2.The girl couldnt make herself understood.3.Have you heard any other langu
39、age spoken?,除介词with之外，用作宾语补语的分词常配合下列的动词：see,watch,hear,feel set,keep,find,have,get,meet.,d)分词作状语,用作状语的现在分词和逻辑主语是主动关系。表示动作和谓语的动作同时发生。,David was lying in bed crying.(伴随）Arriving home,she started to cook.(时间)Beinga student,she likes to help others.（原因）Wearing a new pair of glasses,she can read easily.（
40、条件),现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用现在分词完成式。,Having written the letter,I went out to post it.Having already seen the film twice,she didnt want to go to the cinema.,例1：_ the earth to be flat,many feared that Columbus would fall of the edge of the earth.A)Having believed B)Believing C)Believed D)Being believed,用
41、作状语的分词和逻辑主语有被动关系，要用过去分词,1.We went home exhausted(疲惫地).(结果）2.Encouraged by my teacher,I decided to work hard.（原因）3.Told by the teacher,she knew she was wrong.(时间,被动）,例2：If I correct someone,I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _.A)to correct B)correcting C)havi
42、ng corrected D)being corrected,例3：There seemed little hope that the explorer,_ in the tropical forest,would find his way through it.A)to be deserted B)having deserted C)to have been deserted D)having been deserted,也可用deserted,有的分词在句子中没有逻辑主语，这类特别的分词有：,1.He did poorly in his examinations,considering h
43、ow hard he had studied for them.,2.Judging by her accident,she must be from Shichuan.,3.Talking of fine arts,do you have interest in painting?,4.Generally speaking,girls are better at languages than the boys.,分词的否定形式(not+v-ing)、(not+having+v-ed),1.Not knowing what to do next,she stopped to wait.,分词的被动形式：表示分词的动作和被修饰的名词之间的关系是被动的。,The bridge being built will be completed next year.,2.Not having finished the homework,the pupil doesnt dare to go to school.,
