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1、主语的确定,汉英翻译实践中，可采取三种方法以原句主语作译文主语重新确定主语增补主语,以原句主语作译文主语,英语句子中的主语只能是名词、主格人称代词、或名词性词语。如果汉语原文有明确的主语，而该主语由名词或主格人称代词充当时，可以以原文主语作为英译文的主语：我们的房子是一百多年前建造的。Our house was built over a hundred years ago.假日里，青年人双双对对漫步在公园里。The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.,以原句主语作译文主语,然而悲惨的皱纹，却
2、也从他的眉头和嘴角出现了。Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth.如果说，词汇是语言的“建筑材料”，那么句子便是文章的“基本部件。If vocabulary is the“building materials”for language,sentences are the“fundamental parts”of writings.中国有两点是靠得住的，一是讲原则，二是说话算数。China can be counted on.Among other things,first,it up
3、holds principles and second,it honors its words.,以原句主语作译文主语,人有失错，马有漏蹄。As a horse may tumble,so a man may make mistakes.欢乐的人群宛如大海的波涛，从街道上汹涌而过。The jubilant crowd surged through the streets like the sea waves.汉英之间思维的巨大差异，并不能保证总能将汉语中的主语完全地转换到英语中。直接转换虽然便捷，但是所运用的场合有限。如果保留原来主语不妥，那么就要另觅它法了。,重新确定主语,为保证译文逻辑通顺
4、、行文流畅、语言自然地道，行使与原文类似的功能，需要重新选择、确定主语。用来替换原主语的，可以是句子中的其它成分，也可以是句外的词语。他身材魁梧，生一副大长方脸，嘴巴阔大，肌肤呈着紫檀色。He was a giant of man with a long square face,a wide mouth and a complexion suffused with the color of red sandalwood.,重新确定主语,鲁迅的骨头是最硬的，他没有丝毫的奴颜和媚骨，这是殖民地半殖民地人民最可贵的性格。Lu Hsun was a man of unyielding integrit
5、y,free from all sycophancy or obsequiousness;this quality is invaluable among colonial and semi-colonial peoples.幸亏这些青年妇女，白洋淀长大的，她们摇得小船飞快。小船活像开了水皮的一条打跳的梭鱼。It was lucky that all these young wives had grown up by the river:their boat went like the wind.It shot forward like some flying fish,hardly skim
6、ming the water.,重新确定主语,世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena.At the turn of the century,China is very active in its diplomatic activities.一九六四年十月中国爆炸了第一颗原子弹，使世界大为震惊。Chinas first atomic blast in October,1964 was a great shock to the rest of the world.In
7、 October,1964,China blasted its first atomic bomb,which shocked the rest of the world greatly.,重新确定主语,胎又瘪了。Weve got another flat tire.语言这个东西，不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。Language is something difficult to learn well;to learn it well one has to study very hard.1t is not easy to learn a language well;pains-taking
8、 efforts are necessary to master a language.The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort.(Mao),选择主语的几种方式,归纳说来选择主语可以有以下规律：原文的形容词性成分取为译文主语原文的名词性成分取为译文主语原文的副词性成分取为译文的主语原文的动词性成分取为译文主语,原文的形容词性成分取为译文主语,我的头疼得要命。I have a terrible headache.此句译文可完全照搬原文结构:My head aches badly.也可对用词稍加调整，译为
9、:My head is killing me.懒惰的人不会成功。Laziness makes success impossible.他的良心受到谴责。He had a guilty conscience.,原文的形容词性成分取为译文主语,中国的人均农业土地面积比不上世界上其它许多国家。China compares unfavorably with many other countries in the world in its amount of agricultural land per capita.学生常犯的错误是机械照搬原文主语，译为:China s per capita agricu
10、ltural land can not compare with many other countries in the world.,原文的形容词性成分取为译文主语,这回学生的请愿，是因为日本占据了辽吉，南京政府束手无策，单会去哀求国联，而国联却正和日本是一伙。The students sent in their latest petitions because，in response to Japans occupation of Liaoning and Ji lin，the Nanjing government has done nothing better than to appea
11、l to the League of Nations，which is squarely on Japan s side.原文是典型的主题一述题句式。主题为“这回学生的请愿”，其余部分都是述题，对主题加以评说。假如把原文主题取为英语主语，并照搬原文结构，则译为the students latest petitions were caused by，然后需要把述题或者其主要内容转为英语的名词词组结构，这显然是费力不讨好的。,原文的形容词性成分取为译文主语,这位母亲很为有个漂亮的女儿而骄傲。The beauty of the daughter makes her mother very proud
12、.成功者与失败者的区别就在于成功者坚持不懈，失败者半途而废。A successful person differs from an unsuccessful one in that the former perseveres whereas the latter gives up halfway.,原文的名词性成分取为译文主语,他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。A dark stain on the carpet caught his eye.我没有注意到这个错误。The mistake escaped my notice.,原文的名词性成分取为译文主语,他两天就抽完一包烟。A packet of
13、 cigarettes lasts him only two days.黄帝内经详细阐述了中国传统医学理论。(1)The Internal Canon of Medicine describes in detail the theory of traditional Chinese medicine.(2)The theory of traditional Chinese medicine is described in detail in The Internal Canon of Medicine.,原文的副词性成分取为译文的主语,已经有数千人在持续了一年的内战中丧生。The civil
14、war，which has been going on for a year，has claimed thousands of lives.通过进一步研究，科学家们推测存在着一种迄今尚未为人所知的粒子。Further investigation led the scientists to conjecture the existence of a hitherto unknown particle.,原文的副词性成分取为译文的主语,2000年奥运会将在悉尼举行。Sidney will be the host city for the 2000 Olympic Games.每到元宵节晚上，这条街
15、张灯结彩，热闹非凡。The night of the lantern festival always finds this street decorated with lanterns and festoons and bustling with noise and excitement.,原文的动词性成分取为译文主语,我见到他就恶心。The very sight of him makes me sick.人们传说他要结婚。Rumor has it that he is going to get married.咋天他们表演得很成功。Their performance yesterday wa
16、s very successful.我从来没那么想过。The thought has never crossed my mind.,原文的动词性成分取为译文主语,他的行为似乎无法解释。There does not seem to be any explanation for his behavior.必须特别强调我国某些政府官员贪污腐败的严重性。Emphasis must be placed on the seriousness of corruption and embezzlement among some officials in China.,增补主语以及无主语句的翻译,汉语句子中主语
17、隐含或无主语时常可见。译成英文必须依照英语的要求，将主语增补进来，或者另觅它途。进行增补时首先要推敲语境，其次要考虑英语语法习惯和行文的需要。另觅它途时要考虑句子的功能以及和上下文的衔接情况。,增补主语以及无主语句的翻译,活到老，学到老。One is never too old to learn.不怕一万，就怕万一。You cannot be too careful.苟富贵，勿相忘。If any of us should become rich and powerful one day，he must not forget about the others.你没有必要把这件事再瞒着我。It i
18、s unnecessary for you to keep it from me anymore,增补主语以及无主语句的翻译,没有安定的政治环境，干什么都不成。Nothing can be accomplished without a stable political environment.没有爱心就无法了解人生。Life cannot be understood without much charity.要发展就要变，不变就不会发展。Development means change;without change,there can be no development.,增补主语以及无主语句
19、的翻译,量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figure and fit the appetite to the dishes.要适可而止，否则就要完蛋。One step further and you will be lost.有三十位学生参加了考试。Thirty students took part in the examination.很难把这部小说列入哪一个类型中去。This novel defies easy classification.,增补主语以及无主语句的翻译,叫那些人不要大吵大闹。Tell those people to stop making s
20、uch a terrific din.发生了这样的事不是你的错。Its not your fault that this has happened.万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.,增补主语以及无主语句的翻译,报告建议，应采取积极措施，鼓励和支持更多的传统企业活动电子化。The report suggests that active measures should be taken to encourage and support the e-commerce of traditional co
21、rporations.深化国有资产管理体制和国有企业改革。We will deepen the reforms of the state asset management system and state-owned enterprises.,增补主语以及无主语句的翻译,沉默啊，沉默啊！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。Silence,silence!Unless we burst out,we shall perish in this silence!起大风了。Its blowing hard.用劳动实现自己的理想，用理想指导自己的劳动。You realize your ideals through labor and you guide your labor by ideals.,
