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1、Lecture 6 英汉翻译中的减词法,何谓减词法？,减词翻译法，也称省略翻译法，是指在翻译过程中省略原文中自然的、必不可少的、但在译文中却是多余词汇的翻译方法。省略是为了保障译文表达流畅通达的一种翻译手法。应用这种方法的前提，是要保证原文的语义完整、信息准确，即要忠实于原文。只有在这个前提下才能省略一些在译文中显得多余或者累赘的词语。,英汉对比：英语的冠词、介词和介词短语、连词、代词等虚词，使用频度极高，但是往往只体现语法功能，而在汉语中这类词语或是缺失，或是使用频度极低，或是表达方式有所改变。译为汉语时，这些词语都可以考虑采用减词译法。,法律文件中英语人称代词的翻译,1.省略不译英语中的人
2、称代词用得较多，后面往往跟着相应的物主代词，以表示前后人称的一致性，这是英语的一个特点。但在汉语里，我们往往可以省略人称代词和物主代词，以便符合汉语的语言表达习惯。在翻译时，如果将原文中的人称代词换成物主代词同时译出，则显得译文不自然、太生硬，不符合汉语语言规范，也就是说受原语影响太重。因此，在英译汉时，常常将原文中的代词省略。,e.g.When a party wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party,it shall provide a written not
3、ice to the other party.(一方欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时，应向另一方提供书面通知。),2，译成汉语代词“其”翻译商务合同或法律文件时，要尽量避免使用“他”，“它”“它们之类的代词，这是因为这类文体比较正式，只有用一个“其”字来代替这些词才是最适合的。与此相吻合，英语中的物主代词“his”、“its”和“their”也不能译成”他的”、“它的”和“他们的”，而应该用“其”字取而代之。,Without prior written approval,one Party shall assign any and all of its rights and int
4、erests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party.(任何一方未经事先书面批准，不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。),3译成所替代的名词 e.g.This contract is executed in Chinese.If necessary,it may be translated into other languages.(本合同以中文文本签署。如有必要，本合同可译成其他文字。),4英语中含有泛指意义的人称代词we,you以及
5、不定代词one等在句中做主语时常可省译。e.g.If you know the frequency,you can find out the wave-length.(只要知道了频率，就可以求出波长。)e.g.You are not allowed to smoke a cigarette in a public place.(公共场所严禁吸烟。)e.g.One shall pay for what one has said.(一言既出，自负其责。),5.代词it的省略“it”作非人称主语、形式主语或形式宾语时本身无实际意义，可以省略不译。e.g.Outside it was pitch-da
6、rk and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑,大雨倾盆。e.g.He found it impossible to arrive there before dark.（他发现天黑之前到达那里已不可能。）,二、冠词的省略,汉语没有冠词，所以英译汉时冠词常常省略。当英语中的“冠词the+名词”或者“冠词a/an+名词”表示泛指时，该冠词往往不翻译成汉语；但如果冠词是表示特指，就必须将冠词翻译成汉语。e.g.The moon was slowly rising above the sea.(月亮慢慢从海上升起)e.g.Any Substance is made
7、 up of atoms whether it is a solid,a liquid,or a gas.任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成).,三、连词的省略,英语中较多使用连词和并列连词来表达各种逻辑关系，而汉语中这些逻辑关系常常是通过上下文来暗示的，因而汉语中较少使用连词。英汉翻译时常常把原文中的连词省略不译。e.g.If I had known it,I would not have joined in.早知如此，我就不参加了。e.g.Like charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.同性电荷相斥,异性
8、电荷相吸。,四、动词的省译,由于汉语可以直接用形容词、名词或词组作谓语，所以英语中的有些动词谓语汉译时可以省译；如果从句的谓语动词与主句谓语动词相同，则从句谓语动词也可省译。e.g.Though the model is a bit out-of-date,the quality is excellent.(虽然样式有点过时，但质地非常好。)e.g.When the pressure gets low,the boiling point becomes low.(气压低，沸点就低。),五、省略介词,The students are looking at the blackboard and l
9、istening to the teacher孩子们正在看黑板听老师讲课。Have you heard of Mark Twain？你听说过马克吐温吗？,六、虚词it的省略,在英语中，it常作形式主语或形式宾语，翻译成汉语时常省略。It is dangerous to play football in the street在大街上踢球危险。We find it not easy to learn English well我们发现学好英语不容易。,Exercises:,The Buyers may,within 15 days after arrival of the goods at the
10、destination,lodge a claim against the sellers for short weight being supported by Inspection Certificate issued by a reputable public surveyor.Discrepancy and Claim:Any claim by the Buyers on the goods shipped shall be filed within 30 days after arrival of the goods at port of destination and suppor
11、ted by a survey report issued by a surveyor approved by the Sellers.Claims in respect of matters within the responsibility of the insurance company or of the shipping company will not be considered or entertained by the Sellers.,(货物抵达目的港后15天内，买方可以凭享有信誉的公共检验员出示的检验证明向卖方提出短重索赔。)（异议和索赔：买方对于装运货物的任何索赔，必须于
12、货到目的港30天内提出，并须提供卖方同意的检验员出具的检验报告。属于保险公司或轮船公司责任范围内的索赔，卖方不予接受。）,II.Exercise for Omission1.A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainments but no virtue.2.Winter is the best time to study the growth of trees.Although the leaves are gone and the branches are bare,the trees themselves are beautiful.
13、3.These developing countries cover vast territories,encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.4.Eight oclock found Franz up and dressed.5.我们要培养分析问题、解决问题的能力。6.中国足球的落后状态必须改变。7.现在有少数人就是做官当老爷，有些事情实在不像话！脱离群众，脱离干部，上行下效，把社会风气也带坏了。,Keys1.聪明的人不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。2.冬天是研究树木生长的好季节，虽则树叶落了，树枝光了，但树木本身
14、却是美丽的。3.这些发展中国家，土地辽阔，人口众多，资源丰富。（或：这些发展中国家地大物博，人口众多。）4.八点钟，费兰兹起床穿衣。5.We must cultivate the ability to analyse and solve problems.6.The(state of/condition of)backwardness of the Chinese football must be changed.7.We have a few people now who act like overlords(as they have become officials),and some o
15、f their behaviour is truly shocking.They divorce themselves from the masses and lower-ranking cadres,and their subordinates follow suit(according to the doings of their superiors),which results in deterioration of the general standard of social conduct.,Tariffs may be used simply to obtain revenue.I
16、n some developing countries,revenue tariffs provide an important part of the governments income.Often,however,tariffs are protective,and are designed to carry out a particular economic policy.They may help to reduce a balance of payments deficit or to protect an infant industry against strong intern
17、ational competition from older corporations.,A revenue tariff will always provide some protection,and a protective tariff will produce some revenue.Therefore,it is difficult to distinguish between revenue and protective tariffs from economic evidence alone.,When a tariff is imposed on an import,the
18、direct impact on price is to raise it by the amount of the tariff.Market factors,however,can modify this effect.Hence,the final price increase due to a tariff may be less than,equal to,or more than the amount of the tariff.In many cases,though,the final price increase is reasonably close to the amou
19、nt of the tariff.In contrast,the impact of a quota on price is much harder to predict.,征收关税可能只是为了获得收入。有些发展中国家，财政关税在其政府收入中是很重要的一部分。然而，关税又经常具有保护性质，用来贯彻一项特定的经济政策。这类关税有助于减少国际收支逆差，或保护新生工业在国际竞争中顶住来自老资格公司的强大挑战。,财政关税总能提供某种保护，一项保护关税会产生一定的收入。因此，但就经济效益而言，很难区分财政关税和保护关税。对某一进口商品征收关税时，对价格的直接影响就是把价格提高到加上税额的水平。然而，市场
20、的因素可以缓和这种影响。所以，因关税而引起的最终的商品提价可能低于税额，或与税额相等，或者高于税额。不过，在许多情况下，最终的提价合理地接近税额。对比之下，配额对价格的影响更加难以预测。,The effects are particularly uncertain with goods which are not produced at all domestically.如果产品根本不是本国制造，其影响就更加无法确定。,For instance,many countries do not have their own car industry,so that an import quota c
21、an cause a considerable shift in automobile prices.例如，许多国家没有汽车工业，所以一向进口配额会使汽车价格出现相当大的波动。,Letters of Credit for the importation of goods form foreign countries into Canada are frequently required by the supplier to be established in his favor;sometimes these are for surprisingly small amounts,obvious
22、ly where the importer is little known to the exporter,otherwise ordinary“bill for collection”or“open account procedure”whole be followed.办理从外国向加拿大进口货物时，供货人往往要求开立以它为受益人的信用证；有时信用证的金额小得惊人，尤其当进口商不大为出口商所了解时更是如此，不然的话就地采取普通的“票据托收”或者“开帐户”的方式来解决。,Many Canadian importers are therefore familiar with these inst
23、ruments.The Canadian importer,when faced with such a request,applies to his bank for the facility.因此许多加拿大进口商对这些支付方式很熟悉。加拿大进口商碰到这种要求时便向自己的银行申请信贷便利。,As the banks undertaking will be replacing that of the importer,the bank will treat this as an application for credit and will give consideration to sett
24、ing up a“line of credit”in the same way as if it were an application for a loan.If the“line”is granted or has already been arranged,the importer completes an“Application for Commercial Credit”in which he gives full details of the Credit requires.由于银行承诺将取代进口商的承诺，银行将此视为申请信贷，而且会考虑设立一个“信贷额度”，就和申请一笔贷款一样。
25、如果这种“额度”已经提供或者安排妥当，进口商便办理“商业信贷申请”手续，向银行提供他所需信贷的详细要求。,Normally,the Credit will be“irrevocable”,that is once it has been received by or advised to the beneficiary it cannot be retracted or changed without the beneficiarys consent,and the opening bank must meet any drafts presented provided the terms o
26、f the Letter of Credit have been complied with.,在通常情况下，信用证是“不可撤销的”，就是说，一旦信用证被受益人收到或者通知给他，未经受益人同意该信用证是不能收回或者更改的，而且提示的任何汇票，只要符合信用证的条款，开征银行都必须照样解付。,It is Shell companies policy to promote a management style of direct involvement of employees in decisions affecting their jobs.Staff are encouraged to dis
27、cuss the objectives of the unit in which they work before these are finally established.,Through the staff reporting system,staff are also encouraged to take part in setting their work targets for the coming year,to identify their own training needs and to develop their own ambitions so that these m
28、ay be taken into account in career planning.,This approach which Group companies believe to be beneficial to the business and to give recognition to the legitimate expectations of employees is the core of its employee relations philosophy.,促进确立自己的管理风格是壳牌公司的政策。这种管理风格就是让员工直接参与做出与其工作有关的决策，即在其所属部门的工作目标最终确立之前，公司鼓励员工参与这些目标的讨论。（公司鼓励员工参与所属部门的工作目标的讨论，然后才制定这些部门的工作目标。）,通过员工汇报制度，公司还鼓励员工参与制定他们自己来年的工作目标，认同他们自己的培训需求，发展确定他们自己的雄心壮志（理想），以便公司在制定专业培训计划时把这些（因素）也考虑在内。,这种做法是该公司雇佣关系哲学（理念）的核心，集团公司相信这种做法对公司有益，并且对员工的合理期望能给于承认。,
