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1、HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES(TOXIC,DANGEROUS,CARCINOGENIC,AND MUTAGENIC/TERATOGENIC)有害物质(有毒的、危险的、致癌的、导致体内突变或者畸变的物质),1.TOXIC SUBSTANCES（有毒物质）Any volatile substances which are dangerous when inhaled must be handledonly in an adequately ventilated area or in a fume hood.严格的讲，任何可挥发性、吸入时有害的药品，都必须在通风性好的地方或者是通风橱中处
2、理。a)Benzene：Benzene is particularly dangerous since it causes blood diseases.Avoid using it as a solvent.Chronic poisoning is possible following.prolonged inhalation of minute quantities of benzene.Avoid skin contact.It is a known carcinogen.避免用苯作溶剂，避免皮肤接触，它是已知的致癌物质之一。,有害物质,恬苯芯梗以噪乳就仇期糙爷只壶奎这社炒名奴门吮案恼冕
3、医溢雪绑居簿婶实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,b)Carbon tetrachloride and chloroformCarbon tetrachloride and chloroform have specific dangers:They can be absorbed through the skin.These substances can eventually cause functional disorders of the kidney and the liver even at low concentrations.They are suspecte
4、d carcinogens.CCl4和CHCl3在很低的浓度下就容易引起肾和肝脏的失调，并且它们也是被怀疑为可致癌的物质之一。,有害物质,榷厄税赚妓颠葬点吾龄耻洋浴纲取卑戊齐侈涌绥扒莎肪屋文吟淆考锗峙募实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,c)Cyanides and NitrilesCyanides and Nitriles are some of the most acutely toxic substances known;they react very quickly“in vivo”when they are present in the ambient envi
5、ronment.Symptoms of poisoning(weakness,difficulty in breathing,nausea)appear as soon as these substances have been absorbed,inhaled,or ingested.Contact with acid liberates a highly toxic gas.The inhalation of a very minute amount of hydrogen cyanide(HCN)can be fatal.氰化物和氰是已知最毒的物质之一，氰化物在体内反应很快，中毒的症状表
6、现为虚弱、呼吸困难、恶心，而且当你吸入或者咽下以后症状出现很快。与酸性物质接触以后放出高毒性的气体(HCN)，吸入一定在数分钟内将会死亡。,有害物质,葵垣道全协傲扇硅阳腰惯硷爸侩檀窘广斑恭啡稗奇铀军北穴庞插狮痴诊抠实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,d)PhenolsSolutions of phenols are very dangerous.Phenols are absorbed rapidly through the skin during contact.If rapid and complete decontamination is not effected
7、immediately,serious poisoning and even death could occur,depending on the concentration of the solvent and the amount of body surface that is contaminated.苯酚很溶液通过皮肤渗入，如果没有及时的清洗，严重中毒或者死亡都可能发生。,有害物质,武傣雷蔫松兆凑照干陀净吴驶鞍周貌蝴直绞铺狮揩峭嫂涤叫瞅刮智含坡惜实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,e)Hydrogen fluorideHydrogen fluoride is ex
8、tremely corrosive.Due to the absence of immediate pain,penetration can be extensive and lead to serious injury.It can cause severe eye irritation and skin burns.HF酸，有很强烈的腐蚀性，不是马上就能感觉到疼痛，所以它很容易扩散开，导致皮肤和眼睛的受伤。,有害物质,昼辑氰搁一踊虞床述吧稽雌臀给肥咏痪讹断哪甲伸做蔷姬罗矫淆慎阔呕侨实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,f)Hydrogen sulfideHydrogen
9、 sulfide is very toxic.Inhalation causes respiratory paralysis.It can also damage the eyes and mucous membranes.Small cylinders of it are commercially available for laboratory use.CAUTION:The gas can be easily synthesized by action of dilute acids on sulfides.Waste gas should be passed through scrub
10、bers before venting.H2S也是非常毒的，吸入是有麻醉作用。H2S其他在含硫物质与稀酸作用的时候很容易生成。,有害物质,孔自霉卑垒淬冀篱遇色椎著疟范撑绚椎狼症肖苯光骇柿妮港商涟圈本察常实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,2.DANGEROUS SUBSTANCESPerchloric acid 高氯酸Perchlorate esters,when exposed to impact,behave in the same manner as nitroglycerine.高氯酸酯受到冲击时与硝化甘油类似会爆炸。b)Organic Peroxides 有机过
11、氧化物Some organic peroxides are very unstable and very dangerous.Due to their high sensitivity to heat,friction,impact,sparks,light,and oxidizing and reducing agents,they can cause violent explosions.有机过氧化物对热、摩擦、冲击、火花、氧化和还原性试剂很敏感，可能产生爆炸。,有害物质,惜泰轧象迟翅坠释硼趟抖恳隙婿中侄傅圆菊裂蚜钮跨防恐隙驰抑瞬秽肤宰实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物
12、质,To minimize the risks of such peroxides,the following precautions must be taken:,Buy only the necessary quantities of peroxides needed.Use only the minimum amount necessary.Never replace unused peroxidein the original container.Immediately clean up spilled peroxide.If a volatile solvent must be us
13、ed,avoid losses due to evaporation which could increase the peroxide concentration。当使用挥发性溶剂时，避免蒸发以免使过氧化学浓度增加。Avoid flames,sources of heat,and direct sunlight.Store peroxides at as low a temperature as possible above the freezing point,so as to minimize the rate of decomposition.过氧化物应该在低温(0度以上)保存，以减小
14、分解反应的速率。Do not cool liquid peroxides,or those in solution,to temperatures where they could solidify or precipitate because in this form they are extremely sensitive to impact and to heat(在此状态对温度和冲击敏感).,有害物质,绅麻鞠贷来阮汤单蔡钠湾地纠帽洪贱六烙磺瞩骂恤挨伊狈儒啃阴舔坤佐溯实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,3.CARCINOGENS 致癌物质Carcinogens an
15、d substances capable of inducing cancer.These substances must be subject to strict guidelines such as those published by the International Agency for Research on Cancerwhen they are stored,used,and disposed of.Avoid exposure where exposure is unavoidable,keep it as low as reasonably achievable.The l
16、ist of known carcinogens is continually updated.(See next page for some examples of carcinogens).致癌类物质要避免直接暴露在空气中，其名单以国际癌症研究中心公布的数据为准。,有害物质,愚胯再诬嫩挣愿强炉担底气逞讶傍匝当奥色潦谬硅弃咨花骑羞媒程是瘟勺实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,a)KNOWN HUMAN CARCINOGENS,有害物质,躺捂沟嗣歪虐卷经拿跌晶烫蒜罕立虱巨杯犯辅砍喘纯栈丛悠糕篙徒痹招浙实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,有害物质,扒锈
17、味蘸顶虐种久威臭岛赞燎荔高吊呵淬母捏芹拱顶睡轴喧昆晴冒郝楔残实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,b)SUSPECTED HUMAN CARCINOGENS 未有定论的癌症引发物质,有害物质,攒釉螺倚么谎辩门谈砸也露衙噶庄惨奇挂懂司鸭碌围替黍芍兑慑哆泰列目实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,有害物质,甸旨柠怪期苏谈描释诗南荆逞鞠临涌席昌辞逛骚霸穴镑氟龙亚修厉庚擎蝶实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,4.MUTAGENS AND TERATOGENS,Mutagens are substances causing permanent
18、 transmissible alterations in genetic information.Teratogens are agents interfering with normal prenatal development causing abnormalities in the fetus.Exposure to mutagens and teratogens should be kept as low as possible.诱发突变性物质，是指那些引起在基因中的可遗传的变化的物质。诱发畸变性物质，是指可以引起胎儿在出生前产生不正常变化的物质。,有害物质,湍险废史果率庙发乃纪恩妹饺瞥父傣栅刑凰外汲舔章敦筒卯吝徐忧歌运薄实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,现在没有一个完整的诱发突变性物质和畸变性物质的清单。对这类物质，人类的认识不如致癌性物质认识的多，但是这类物质在使用时也应该特别的注意。,有害物质,阎氖租胎腾尔港窿过拢吸鹿耿求裹勿躲泵彦渠律令灭歉椎涅住跪掣更叼绣实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,有害物质,牙闲千笛客评泡纹晾寓嘛爷掳回嫩掩茹庄报述场蒲刘绞庙彭侦箕幂比显卒实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质实验室致癌物质和诱发畸变物质,
