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1、中级口译,翻译,Contents,E-C translation C-E translation,发音语言知识 词汇 语法 听 说语言技能 读 写 译,山穷水尽,柳暗花明,秋后算账,王国维,人间词话（1908）,古今之成大事业、大学问者，必经过三种之境界：,第一境界,昨夜西风凋碧树。独上高楼，望尽天涯路。此第一境也。,第二境界,“衣带渐宽终不悔，为伊消得人憔悴。”此第二境也。,第三境界,众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊处。此第三境也。,Contents,翻译的标准直译和意译英译汉：增词与减词转换与变性分句与合句具体与抽象正译与反译,Contents,汉译英：主语的确定谓语的确定其他成
2、分的确定语序的调整长句的翻译无主句的翻译存现句的翻译兼语句的翻译被动句的翻译否定句的翻译“是”字句的翻译“把”字句的翻译,密码：20102010,Contents,翻译的标准英译汉技巧,Teaching Procedure,原文,分析,试译,讲评,2-3分钟,翻译的标准,严复,信 Faithfulness 达 Smoothness 雅 Elegance,傅雷,熊掌与鱼，忠实于原文内容还是形式？“得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外”“重神似不重形似”翻译的标准，有“神似”和“形似”。翻译就像临摹绘画，简单的临摹重复只是最低标准。如果能够根据画中的主旨和意境做到“形神兼备”，则是大匠之作。因此，翻译形
3、式只是形式，而翻译的效果才是真正的目的地。,钱钟书,翻译的最高标准是”化“。翻译作品其实也是原著的”投胎转世“，从内容、思想、风格、感情色彩，甚至修辞手法上都要继承原著的特色。化境指把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而路出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于化境,翻译的操作标准,忠实/准确 faithfulness/accuracy流畅/通顺 smoothness,忠实来自理解,After repeated failure and disappointments he was determined to throw up the sponge,but co
4、ntinued perseverance finally brought success.多次的失败和失望险些让他自暴自弃，但是坚持不懈的努力最终给他带来了成功。,The passenger declared that he had lost his ticket,but the inspector suspected that he was trying it on,and that actually he had not paid his fare.这位顾客声称丢掉了车票，检票员怀疑他实际上没有买票，想蒙混过关。,If he refuses to take my advice on thi
5、s occasion,as he has done so often before,I shall wash my hands of the affair,and he can fend for himself.如果他此时像往常那样拒不接受我的建议，我将不再插手这件事，他可自行处理。,过去的一年，全国人民按照“抓住机遇，深化改革，扩大开放，促进发展，保持稳定”的方针，团结奋斗，开拓进取，社会主义现代化事业取得了重大成就。“抓住机遇，深化改革，扩大开放，促进发展，保持稳定”（通过）抓住机遇，（以便）深化改革（和）扩大开放促进发展保持稳定,过去的一年，全国人民按照“抓住机遇，深化改革，扩大开放，促
6、进发展，保持稳定”的方针，团结奋斗，开拓进取，社会主义现代化事业取得了重大成就。In the past,guided by the principle of“seizing the current opportunity to deepen the reform and open China wider to the outside world,promoting development and maintaining stability,”the Chinese people worked hard with a united and pioneering spirit,achieving
7、great success in the drive for socialist modernization.,理解如何而来？,语感悟性语法分析：长句的翻译上下文分析：词义的理解,通顺来自表达,I have a cousin who knows the younger brother of the richest people of the town.我有一个认识镇上最有钱的人的弟弟的表哥。我有一个表哥，他认识镇上最有钱的人的弟弟。,He is a good eater and good sleeper.他是一个好的吃者和好的睡者。他能吃能睡。In the door way lay at le
8、ast twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors.门口放着至少十二把各种颜色和各种尺寸的伞。门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。,直译和意译,直译：就是既保留原文的内容，又保留原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。意译，就是保留原文的内容，不保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。中级口译中，大多数场合只要译出基本意思就可以了，但是在少数场合需要使用意译。,There is no way of proving this point.(1997年考题)直译：现在没有办法证明这一点。意译：这一点不置可否。,An organization that has
9、 open lines of communication with valid,honest information going up,down,and throughout the organization will be much more effective and a much better place of work than the organization that attempts to restrict the flow of information or distort and deceive.(2003年考题)直译：一个企业如果具备公开的沟通渠道，公司上级、下级、同级之间
10、传递正确的、诚实的信息，比起那些试图限制信息流通、歪曲甚至欺骗的企业来说，将会有更高的效率，并是一个更适宜于工作的地方。意译：一个企业如果具备坦诚的沟通模式和全方位的诚信信息，比起那些试图封闭信息、曲解甚至欺骗的企业来说，将会有更高的效能，并更适宜于工作。,Restricting communication and distorting information are symptoms of short-range thinking.(2000年考题)直译：限制沟通和曲解信息是企业缺乏远见的前兆。意译：限制沟通和曲解信息使企业逐渐成为井底之蛙。,Think tanks and universi
11、ty research institutes are nonprofit organizations that have been developed to provide settings for experts in various academic disciplines.直译：智囊团和大学中的研究机构是非赢利性组织，为不同学术领域的专家提供了环境。意译：智囊团和大学中的研究机构是非赢利性组织，为不同学术领域的专家提供了舞台。,Their expanding appetite for imports would have bolstered the United States and s
12、o-called emerging market countries from Brazil to South Korea.(2003年考题)直译：那些国家对进口需求很大，刺激了美国和一些所谓的新兴市场国家，诸如巴西、韩国。意译：那些国家热衷于进口，确实给美国和一些所谓的新兴市场国家诸如巴西、韩国打了一针强心剂。,本届会议将围绕”新世纪、新挑战：参与、合作、促进共同发展“的主题，审议5个方面的议题，以期促进亚太地区和全球贸易的发展。(2001年考题)直译：This meeting will discuss the topic of“new century,new challenge:parti
13、cipate,cooperate and promote common prosperity”covering 5 areas with a view to enhancing the development of economy and trade between the Asia-Pacific region and the rest world.意译：This meeting will,centering around the theme of“Meeting new challenges in the new century:achieving common prosperity th
14、rough participation and cooperation”,reviewing the agenda under 5 heads with a view to promoting the economic and trade development in the Asia-Pacific region and the world at large.,因为从市民的衣、食、住、行消费来讲，住房是一个重要的因素，而且占了大头。(2002年考题)直译：Among the basic necessities of life-food,clothing,shelter and transpo
15、rtation,housing is an important elements,accounting for a majority in the money they spend.意译：Among the basic necessities of life-food,clothing,shelter and transportation,housing is an important element,accounting for a lions share in the money they spend.,转性与变态,转换词性是突破原文词法、句法格局，化阻滞为通达的方法。离开必要的词性转换，
16、势必会导致生硬拗口、晦涩难懂的译文。转换词性的原则是不能违背原文的意思，有助于译文的通顺流畅。从理论上讲，翻译中的词性转换时没有限制的,名词,动词、形容词、副词,词性转换的基本规律,英语较多使用名词和介词汉语较多使用动词,The happiness of having such a sister-in-law was their effusion,and the fair ladies mingled in embraces and tears of joy.她们首先倾吐了要做姑嫂的喜悦，两位小姐高兴地一次次拥抱，洒下了欣喜的泪花。Effusion:从名词到动词Embrace:从名词到动词Te
17、ars of joy:从名词到动词,Tesss pride would not allow her to turn head,to learn what her fathers meaning was,if he had any苔丝出于自尊，不愿再回头看父亲在搞什么名堂，如果他真的有什么名堂的话Pride:从名词到动词,It is my conviction that though men may be no more wicked than they always have been,they seem less likely to be ashamed.我相信，人们虽然没有未必比以前还要不
18、讲道德，但似乎要比以前更加不知羞耻。Conviction:从名词到动词,I saw that his face was pale.I followed his eyes and looked across the room to a woman who was setting a tray of drink before some customers.我见他脸色煞白。我循着他的眼光，看到餐厅那边有个女人端着托盘给几位客人上饮料。,Father passed his hand over his face.父亲用手摸了摸脸。,Practice:名词到动词,Dolphins are social a
19、nimals and love company.海豚是群居动物，爱结群。Brain size is not an absolute measure of intelligence.脑容量并不能绝对衡量聪明程度。,To help the panel in their selection,an interview assessment form is often used during the interview.为了帮助面试小组作出选择，在面试中经常使用面试评定表。They want to get market share.他们想分享市场。,My sight of sick Mom remind
20、ed me of the summer of 1981 when Granny was ill.望着病中的妈妈，我想起了1981年夏天奶奶生病的情景。After Chinas entry into the WTO,there are more and more opportunities for foreign businessmen to join in the development of the West.中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国西部开发的机会越来越多。,For the convenience of the passengers,Shenzhen Airport Administ
21、ration set up 4 change rooms.深圳机场为了方便旅客，设置了4间更衣室。,Practice:动词到名词,Thats why the stage appealed to her.这就是为什么讲坛对她有如此的吸引力。,Practice:名词到形容词/副词,Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity,but with a large minority in serious poverty,and a small number who are very rich.这些国家呈现出欣欣向荣的态势，只有极少数国家会两极分化，
22、要么极端贫穷，要么极端富有。,Supported by foundation grants and government contracts,they are a major source of the new ideas that are discussed in the policy-formation groups.有了基金会的资助和政府的合约保护，这些专家能够为政策的制定提供源源不断的新思维。,Practice:介词到动词,One way an organization can find a staff for job vacancies is to recruit outside t
23、he company.企业组织找人补充职位空缺的办法之一是外部招聘。She was a tireless activist for racial and sexual equality.她是一个孜孜不倦的活动家，呼吁种族和男女平等。,增词与减词,增词不增义，减词不减义，文字更加通顺。1）根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言习惯，在表达时增加原文字面上没有，但是意思上却包含的字词。2）增补原文句法上的省略成分。,The human brain weighs three pounds,but in that three pounds are ten billion neurons and a
24、 hundred billion smaller cells.人脑只有三磅重，但就在这三磅物质中，却包含了一百亿个神经细胞，以及一千亿个更小的细胞。,The difference between me and these daughters was that they saw me,because of my sex,as destined from birth to become like their fathers,and therefore as an enemy to their desires.我和这些女儿们的分歧在于：由于性别的缘故，她们认为我生来注定要成为他们父亲那样的人，因而也
25、就成为妨碍她们实现自己愿望的敌人。,Some had beautiful eyes,others a beautiful nose,others a beautiful mouth and figure,few,if any,had all.她们有的长着漂亮的眼睛，有的生着俏丽的鼻子，有的有着妩媚的嘴巴、婀娜的身段；但是，这样样都有的，虽然不能说一个没有，却也是寥寥无几。,I felt madly in love with her,and she with me.我疯狂地爱上了她，她也疯狂地爱上了我。纽马克：翻译需要讲求简洁流畅。因此，做翻译时要学会省略。,The Harrow custom
26、of calling roll is different from that of Eton.哈罗公学的点名方式跟伊顿公学有所不同。On August 16,1983,they started for the South to seek their fortune.1983年8月16日，他们动身去南方寻求生路。,“Contrary,then,”answered another,in deep but softened tones.“And now,kiss me,for learning so well.”“那好，相反，”另一个人以深沉而柔和的语调答道。“那就亲亲我吧，我学得这么用心”,Pra
27、ctice:增词,Her main message was and is,“Were like everybody else.Were here to be able to live a life as full as any sighted persons.and its O.K.to be ourselves.”(99年考题)她传递的信息过去是、今天仍然是，“我们和别人一样。我们在这个世界上能够成为和视力正常的人一样过上充实的生活。我们成为盲人没有什么不好。”,Less understood(at least in the United States)is the fact that th
28、e Europes troubles stem significantly from Germany.(03年考题)但有一点全世界（至少美国）搞不太清楚，即欧洲国家的经济问题主要是由德国引起的。,Usually,in Japan,when people discuss the war at all,they speak of victimization:their own victimization by the militarists who led their country into battle and by the Americans who bombed their cities.
29、(99年考题)通常在日本，只要一提到战争，就会降到受害，讲他们是军国主义的受害者，军国主义把国家引入战争；他们是美国的受害者，美国向他们的城市投掷了原子弹。,Germany is Europes“sick man”,just as Japan is Asias.(03年考题)德国式欧洲的病根，就像日本史亚洲的病根一样。Inside these nations there will be mass prosperity,but with a large minority in serious poverty,and a small number who are very rich.这些国家呈现出
30、欣欣向荣的态势，只有极少数国家会两极分化，要么极端贫穷，要么极端富有。,The inevitable collapse of Americas speculative boom need not have been especially damaging if the worlds other advanced economies were healthy.(03年考题)如果世界上其他发达经济体良好，即使美国投机热不可避免地覆灭，也不会带来特别的危害。,Internet radio does not only mean competition but also great opportunit
31、ies.(98年考题)互联网电台的出现不仅意味着竞争，同时也提供了巨大的机遇。The Chicago companys television-manufacturing division had been large and profitable in the 1960s.(01年考题)在20世纪60年代，其在芝加哥的电视制造公司规模大，利润高。,Practice:减词,The rest of the world will have to react to this millennial economic shift to Asia,and to the rising power of Chi
32、na.The rest of the world will be divided between the Europe-American countries,and the two big peripheral powers,Japan and Russia.(01年考题)其他国家将不得不面对新千年吹向亚洲的东风和中华民族的迅速崛起。它们被划分为欧美国家以及两大边缘势力国家，日本和俄罗斯。,Between you and me and the post,Jack will take over this fathers business.这是咱们私下里说的话，杰克将接管他老爸的公司。Althou
33、gh its sound quality is far from perfect,it excels that of short-wave.(98年考题)虽然互联网广播的音质远非完善，但却胜于短波（的音质）。,One shall pay for what one has said.一言既出，自负其咎。We can not discover any material in an element but itself.在一个元素里，除了元素本身外，不可能再发现其他物质。,I went home,and found the babysitter dead.我回家，发现保姆死了。If you chea
34、t in the exam,you will be deprived off your Bachelors degree.考试作弊，你就会被剥夺学士学位。,The pooled wisdom is superior to the wisdom of a single individual.集体智慧胜于个人的智慧。Each and every man has a duty to guard the public health.保持公共卫生，人人有责。,There are plenty of opportunities to attend the community events and volu
35、nteer your service.参与社区活动以及提供志愿服务的机会多得很。To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned it even harder.学习不容易，应用更不容易。,正译和反译,正反译法就是把原文的肯定语气翻成否定语气，或把原文的否定语气反译成肯定语气的翻译，目的在于译文的流畅。正话反说,In the long run,poor communication will undermine the entire organization.(00)不良沟通从长远上讲会危害整个行业。But if le
36、arned after upper adolescence some hangover of a mother-tongue feature is very likely to persist.(00)但如果成年以后还没有学外语，母语的一些特征就会根深蒂固。,Unlike the engineer,however,these professional intellectuals are free from much of the routine grind of daily work.(03)然而这些人员与工程师还有所不同他们不需从事繁重的日常例行工作。反话正说,It is not uncom
37、mon to hear of dolphins giving rides through the water to humans.(97)海豚在水中供人骑乘之事也是常有所闻的。By the early 1970s,however,high cost and a rising tide of inexpensive Japanese TVs were taking a heavy toll.（01）但在20世纪70年代初，高成本以及日本廉价电视机日趋上升的势头使其遭受重创。,Practice,I knew her before I ever met your mother.我没遇到你妈妈之前就认
38、识她了。They were of course all intending to be surprised;but their astonishment was beyond their expectation.当然大家都做好了惊讶的准备，但却没有料到会惊讶到这个地步。,抽象与具体,西方人喜欢抽象，而中国人喜欢具体。英语中有许多表示抽象概念的名词，翻译时要经历一个从抽象到具体的过程。同时，原文中比较具体的概念也可以化为抽象。抽象具体,Economy:经济-经济体，经济规模Risk:危险-危险性Importance:重要-重要性Profile:材料-个人材料Management:管理-管理部门，
39、管理层Broadcasting:广播-广播节目Independence:独立-独立性Translation:翻译-翻译作品Press:出版-出版物,加字法,Family:家庭-家庭成员Class:班级-班级成员Committee:委员会-委员会成员Short-range thinking:目光短浅的思考-鼠目寸光，井底之蛙Economic shift:经济转变-经济东风Every timid:非常胆小-胆小如鼠,集合名词法集体-个体,比喻法,Act in concert:协力行动-齐心协力Keep workers in the dark:让员工不知道-让员工蒙在鼓里Special organi
40、zed programs of instruction:制定的程序和计划-繁文缛节Mass prosperity:普遍繁荣-欣欣向荣Very important:很重要-举足轻重Very anxious to return home:回家心切-归心似箭,成语法,Prices drop because theres too little global demand chasing too much global supply-everything from steel to shoes.从钢铁业到鞋业，全球需求急剧萎缩，而供给源源不断，从而导致商品价格下跌。,Only 15 years ago,
41、these countries seemed poised to assume leadership of the world economy.Now they are dragging it down.仅仅15年前，这些国家曾信誓旦旦地想要扛起全球经济的领导大旗，但现在却在拖后腿。,具体-抽象Get the green light:得到允许In weal or woe:同甘共苦Show the white feather:示弱Blow ones own trumpet:自吹自擂Pull the strings:幕后操纵It doesnt hold water:一点也站不住脚,The free
42、 flow goods and ideas is bringing to life the concept of a global village.商品和观念的自由交流正在激发/促进地球村概念的形成。Practice:,We all have a stake in building peace and prosperity,and in confronting threats that respects no borders-terrorism and drug trafficking,disease and environmental destruction.缔造和平与繁荣，抵制不分国界的诸
43、多威胁-恐怖主义、贩毒、疾病和环境破坏，这些与我们大家有着密切的关系。,语篇翻译实践及其讲解,Benjamin Franklin,How does one characterize Benjamin Franklin?Journalist,scientist,educator,politician,writer,administrator,philosopher-he truly seemed to be able to do almost everything.His accomplishments and the talents and interests which he display
44、ed during the course of his long life-1706 to 1790-have caused him to be called both“the first American”and“the last universal man”.Historian Samuel Eliot Morison gives this view of the man:“Franklins secret,the thing that made him tick and pulled every aspect of his mind together,was his love of pe
45、ople.He talked with English and French statesmen as an equal;he was as homely and comfortable as an old shoe.”Morison even speculated that if we had been alive in 1776 and had made a call upon Benjamin Franklin,he would have made us feel at home.He would have asked about our parents,and probably wou
46、ld have known them,or at least about them;he would then have asked us about ourselves,drawn us out,and sent us away with some good advice,a handshake,and a smile.,How does one characterize Benjamin Franklin?Journalist,scientist,educator,politician,writer,administrator,philosopher-he truly seemed to
47、be able to do almost everything.His accomplishments and the talents and interests which he displayed during the course of his long life-1706 to 1790-have caused him to be called both“the first American”and“the last universal man”.我们如何来描述富兰克林呢？记者、科学家、教育家、作家、管理专家、哲学家他似乎真的是无所不能。在他漫长的生命历程中（1706-1790年），他
48、取得的成就和展现出的非凡才能和广泛兴趣，使他赢得了“美国第一人”和“最后一个通人”的称号。,Historian Samuel Elitot Morison gives this view of the man:“Franklins secret,the thing that made him tick and pulled every aspect of his mind together,was his love of people.He talked with English and French statesmen as an equal;he was as homely and com
49、fortable as an old shoe.”Morison even speculated that if we had been alive in 1776 and had made a call upon Benjamin Franklin,he would have made us feel at home.He would have asked us about ourselves,drawn us out,and sent us away with some good advice,a handshake,and a smile.历史学家萨缪尔埃利特莫里森这样评价富兰克林：“富
50、兰克林成功的秘密令他如此具有活力并将他的心智的各个方面聚集在一起的东西是他对人民的热爱。他以平等的身份与英国和法国的政治家交谈；他就像一只穿旧的鞋子，让人感到普通而舒适。”莫里森甚至推断，如果我们生活在1776年，并且登门拜访本杰明富兰克林，他会让我们感到宾至如归。他会问问我们的情况，鼓励我们，临别时还会给我们一些忠告，微笑着和我们道别。,泰坦尼克号,After resting on the ocean floor,split asunder and rusting,for nearly three-quarters of a century,a great ship seemed to co
