《主谓一致英语语法总结.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《主谓一致英语语法总结.ppt（77页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、What is“subject-verb concord”?,the agreement between subject and predicate verb in terms of number,Grammatical Concord 语法一致原则Notional Concord 意义一致原则Principle of Proximity 就近原则,3.three guiding principles,3.1The principle of Grammatical Concord,If the subject is plural,the verb should take the plural
2、form.If the subject is singular or a mass noun,the verb should take the singular form.,Thirty miles seems like a long walk to me.,3.2The principle of Notional Concord,The verb can agree with the subject according to the notion of number in spite of the actual form of the subject.,If the reference of
3、 the subject is singular,the verb takes the singular form.If the reference of subject is plural,the verb takes the plural form.,It was eleven oclock before the family were all in bed.All was contrary to her expectation.,The team _ had their dinner.Fifty dollars _ a large sum of money for such a poor
4、 man like me.,have,is,It is futile to discuss the matter further,because neither you nor I am going to agree upon anything today.,3.3the principle of proximity,the verb agrees with a preceding noun phrase which is closest to it,instead of agreeing with the head of the noun phrase that functions as t
5、he subject,Either he or I am going.No one except the two girls were crying.One out of five students have passed the exam.,“One of them who were so much after dancing with you yesterday,”she presently suggested.-Thomas Hardy Tess of the DUrbervilles,The form of the subject:grammatical concordThe mean
6、ing of the subject:notional concordThe distance between the head and the verb:proximity,Please note thatthe principle of grammatical concord is the basic principle,esp.in written English.,4.Some Pitfalls,problems of concord with nouns ending in s,4.1disease and game names ending in-s,They are genera
7、lly treated as singular since they refer to one single disease or game.,Marbles _(be)of different colors and materials.Darts _(be)thrown to the target.,Please note:,4.2subject names ending in ics,They are generally treated as singular since they refer to one single subject.,“With costs being signifi
8、cantly less than they were several years ago,the economics are pretty good,”says George Kadane,head of the company.,economincs=profits,His politics _ different from mine.(is,are)The statistics _ nothing in this case.(prove,proves),Please note:,politics=political opinionsstatistics=numerical data,Whe
9、n ics words take the plural meaning,it has a tendency to go with the definite article or a possessive determiner and refer to specific facts,views,etc.,4.3geographical names ending in s,They are generally treated as plural if they refer to a range of archipelagoes,mountains,straits,water falls,etc.,
10、The Philippines needs capital and technology transfer.The Netherlands has been reclaiming farmlands from water.,4.4other nouns ending in s,names for articles made of two parts,These nouns are generally treated as plural.,Compare:The scissors _ made of stainless steel.(is,are)The pincers _ put in the
11、 drawer.(is,are)The pair of scissors _ very well.(cut,cuts)These two pairs of pincers _ cleaning.(need,needs),nouns usually taking plural endings,These nouns are generally treated as plural.,“remains”遗迹，残余物：is/are,The remains of the meal is/are left on the table.The remains of the ancient city is/ar
12、e the evidence of its existence and prosperity.,His remains were kept in a crystal coffin.,Delaware Mansions is a block of 167 flats opposite the BBC Radio Studios.The Broadway Mansions(simplified Chinese:百老汇大厦)is anineteen-floor Art Deco five star hotel,one of the most famous hotels in Shanghai,Chi
13、na.,“mansions”,nouns ending in ings(verb+ings),They are generally treated as plural.,nouns whose singular number and plural number share the same form which ends in-s,They are treated as plural when used in plural sense,treated as singular when used in singular sense.,There _ a crossroads several mi
14、les ahead.There _ two crossroads several miles ahead.,5.problems of concord with collective nouns,5.1collective nouns usually used as plural,people,policepersonnel人员(总称）clergy神职人员poultry家禽vermin害虫cattle牛(总称)militia民兵,5.2collective nouns usually as singular,foliage 叶子总称machinery 机器总称equipment 设备furni
15、ture 家具merchandise 商品,5.3collective nouns either as plural or as singular,When the noun is used in the sense of a collective as a whole,it is treated as singular.When the noun is used in the sense of individuals that make the collective,it is treated as plural.,Well,I have heard once or twice that m
16、y family has seen better days.It was eleven oclock before the family were all in bed.-Thomas Hardy:Tess of the DUrbervilles,6Problems of concord with subject containing coordinate forms,6.1“and”/“bothand”,6.1“and”/“bothand”,Bread and milk _ been my breakfast for years.(have,has)The Stars and Stripes
17、 _ flying from the flagpole.(is,are)Her lawyer and lifelong friend _ going to betray her.(was,were)All work and no play _ Jack a dull boy.(make,makes),Bread and milk has been my breakfast for years.The Stars and Stripes is flying from the flagpole.Her lawyer and lifelong friend was going to betray h
18、er.All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.,The red and white rose _ beautiful.(is,are)The red and the white rose _ beautiful.,Each boy and each girl _ a book.(has,have)The boys and girls each _ a book.,If each of the element of subject is modified by“each”,“every”,“many a”,“no”,the verb takes th
19、e singular form.,Conclusion:If the subject refers to one single thing or person,it is singular.If the subject refers to more than one thing or person,it is plural.,6.2“or”,“eitheror”,“nor”,“neithernor”,“not onlybut also,A beautiful flower or a glittering star ignites his imagination.Not a fly nor a
20、mouse survives such a hot day.Not only her husband but also all her visitors are fascinated with her overflowing elegance,sparkling wit and easing naturalness.,Conclusions:The principle of proximity is applied to these constructions.In informal style,“neithernor”,“not onlybut also”can sometimes be r
21、egarded as plural.,Not only Bush but also Kelly is/were criticized for their improper use of body language.Neither Bush nor Kelly was/were good at body language.,Many big cities as well as Shanghai have too many skyscrapers.,Grammar,as well as all the other subjects,is very interesting.No one except
22、 the two girls was late.No one except his own supporters agrees with him.,7problems of concord with expressions of quantity,7.1concord with expression of definite quantity as subject,7.1.1When a definite quantity is regarded as a single unit,treated as singular,Seven days is too short for a person w
23、ho needs a good rest.,7.1.2 when used in the sense of the individuals that constitute the quantity,treated as plural,He takes out two dollars which look exactly the same,but one of them is a forged note.In Shanghai,you may experience two consecutive days which feel like two seasons.,Two thirds of th
24、e land is wasteland.Two thirds of the students are girls.50 percent of my income is used for food.50 percent of my waking hours are used for study.,7.1.3“a fraction of”,“a percentage of”,In these constructions,the form of the verb is determined by the noun in the of-phrase.,Five plus/and five _ ten.
25、Five multiplied by/times five _ twenty-five.,7.1.4“A plus/and B”“A multiplied by B”,Five plus/and five are/is ten.Five multiplied by/times five are/is twenty-five.,Five fives _ twenty-five.,Five fives are twenty-five.,Ten minus five is/makes five.Five from ten is/makes five.Ten divided by five is/ma
26、kes two.,7.1.5A minus B,A divided by B,One in/out of eight of the children is given an apple.,7.1.6“one in/out of+plural noun”,One in/out of eight of the children are given an apple.(informal),A kind of rose is depicted in the picture.Roses of this kind are very expensive.These kinds of roses/rose a
27、re very expensive.These kind of roses are very expensive.,7.2concord with expression of indefinite quantity as subject,A/The majority of children in our class have black eyes.A majority of 57 to 43 helps him to win the election.(majority=greater number of votes),8problems of concord with nominal cla
28、use as subject,Who will win the election is still unknown.What caused the accident and who was responsible were a mystery.,8.1nominal wh-clause as subject,What he wants are some books and a cup of coffee.What are often regarded as ridiculous are sometimes true.,8.2concord in SVC construction with wh
29、at-clause as subject,Conclusion:In the SVC structure,if the complement or the subject contains nouns or other signs of pluralness,the verb can be plural.,9problems of concord in relative clause关系从句,cleft-sentence分裂句existential sentence存在句,Alices Adventures in Wonderland is one of the books which exp
30、and a childs imagination.My mother is one of those people who believes in fortune telling.(British English)He is the/the only one of the students who knows Latin.,9.1concord in relative clause,It is this woman who has stolen his heart.It is these women who have driven him away.It is I who/that am re
31、sponsible for it.It is me who/that is responsible for it.(informal style),9.2concord in cleft-sentence focus element,There was no one to listen to her.There were a Duck and a Dodo,a Lory and an Eaglet,and several other curious creatures.(the 1st coordinate element)There was a large mushroom and two
32、rabbits.,9.3concord in existential sentencenotional subject 实义主语,1)A great many people _ present at the meeting.(was,were)2)A day or two _ enough.(is,are)3)One or two reasons _ suggested.(is,are)4)Trial and error _ the source of our knowledge.(is,are)5)Early to bed and early to rise _ a man healthy,
33、wealthy and wise.(make,makes),6)American and Dutch beer _ lighter than British.(is,are)7)No teacher and no student _ present.(is,are)8)No one but Jane and Tom _ there then.(was,were)9)He no less than I _ keen to visit the Great Wall.(is,am)10)These type of snakes _ dangerous.(is,are),11)A number of students _ waiting for the teacher.(is,are)12)The number of illiterates in China _ been decreasing.(has,have)13)The good _ not always beautiful.(is,are)14)I,who _ your friend,will try my best to help you.(is,am)15)In every province of China _ found rich natural resources.(is,are),
