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1、SECTION II:BODY STRUCTURE AND BODY SYSTEMS,Chapter 4,Objectives,Write the meanings of the word parts presented in this chapter,choose their correct meanings when presented with several answers,and recognize and write the meanings of the word parts when they appear in medical terms.Write the meanings
2、 and recognize the definitions of terms related to directional aspects of the body.Choose the correct definitions for terms presented in this chapter that are related to body structures and write the appropriate terms when presented with their definitions.Match terms related to body fluids with thei
3、r descriptions and write the terms when presented with their definitions.Choose the correct definitions for terms related to body cavities presented in this chapter and write the appropriate terms when presented with their definitions.,OUTLINE,The anatomic position and reference planes of the bodyBo
4、dy cavitiesBody structuresBody fluidsComprehensive review exercises,The Anatomic Position and Reference Planes of the Body,Anatomic reference systems provide uniformity in regard to descriptions of the body.The anatomic position means that a person is standing erect with the arms at the side and the
5、 palms forward.This position is used as a reference when describing the location or direction of various body structures or parts.,The Anatomic Position and Reference Planes of the Body,Unless stated otherwise,all descriptions of location or position assume that the body is in the anatomic position.
6、Commit to memory the following terms that relate to various directions of the body.,DIRECTIONAL TERMS,TermCombining Form MeaningAnterior anter/o nearer to or toward the front;ventralPosteriorposter/onearer to or toward the back;dorsal,DIRECTIONAL TERMS,TermCombining Form MeaningVentralventr/obelly s
7、ide;same as anterior surface Dorsaldors/odirected toward or situated on the back side;same as posterior surface,DIRECTIONAL TERMS,TermCombining FormMeaningMedial;medianmedi/omiddle or nearer the middleLateral later/otoward the side;denoting a position farther from the midline of the body or from a s
8、tructure,DIRECTIONAL TERMS,TermCombining FormMeaningSuperior super/ouppermost or aboveInferior infer/olowermost or below,DIRECTIONAL TERMS,TermCombining FormMeaningProximal proxim/onearest the orgin or point of attachmentDistal dist/ofar or distant from the origin or point of attachment,DIRECTIONAL
9、TERMS,TermCombining FormMeaningCephalad cephal/otoward the headCaudad caud/otoward the tail or in a posterior direction,Exercise 1,Review some of the terms that have been usedto indicate direction.Write a word in each blankto compete the table correctly.(The first one hasbeen done as an example)Comb
10、ining Form Anatomic TermBasic MeaingAnter/oanteriorfrontCaud/o_,Exercise 1,Review some of the terms that have been usedto indicate direction.Write a word in each blankto compete the table correctly.(The first one hasbeen done as an example)Combining Form Anatomic TermBasic MeaingAnter/oanteriorfront
11、Caud/ocaudaltail,Exercise 1,Combining Form Anatomic TermBasic MeaingDist/o _ _Dors/o_Infer/o_Later/o _ _,Exercise 1,Combining Form Anatomic TermBasic MeaingDist/o distalfarDors/odorsalbackInfer/oinferiorbelowLater/o lateralside,Exercise 1,Combining Form Anatomic TermBasic MeaingMedi/omedialmiddleorm
12、edianPoster/oposteriorbehindProxim/oproximalnearSuper/osuperioraboveVentr/oventralbelly,Body Cavities,The body has two major cavities,which are spaces within the body that contain internal organs.The two principal body cavities are the dorsal cavity,located near the posterior aspect of the body,and
13、the ventral cavity,located near the anterior aspect.Both cavities are subdivided as shown.,Body Cavities,The dorsal cavity is divided into the cranial and spinal cavities.The cranial cavity contains the brain and the spinal cavity contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves.,Bod
14、y Cavities,The other principal body cavity is the ventral cavity.Large organs contained in the ventral cavity are called viscera.The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic(abdominal and pelvic)cavity.The muscular diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic
15、 cavities.,The abdominopelvic cavity can be thought of as a single cavity or as two cavities,the abdominal and pelvic cavities,although no wall separates them.A membrane called the peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity and invests the internal organs.,Peritoneum,like all serous membranes,secret
16、es a lubricating fluid that allows the organs to glide against one another or against the cavity wall.A sticking together of two structures that are normally separated is called an adhesion.Abdominal adhesions are usually caused by inflammation or trauma(injury),and are treated surgically if they ca
17、use intestinal obstruction or excessive discomfort.,Body Structures,The cell is the smallest functional unit of the human body and,in fact,of all organisms.Cells comprise the tissues of the body,which in turn make up organs.Each body system is a group of organs that work together for a specific purp
18、ose.The human organism has many body systems.Many body structure will be discussed elsewhere in this book.The following list includes several terms that either do not pertain to a particular body system of may pertain to more than one system.Commit the following list to memory.,SELECTED COMBINING FO
19、RMS THAT RELATE TO BODY STRUCTURES,Combining FormsMeaningAbdomin/oabdomenAcr/oextremities(arms andlegs)Blephar/oeyelidCephal/oheadChir/ohand,SELECTED COMBINING FORMS THAT RELATE TO BODY STRUCTURES,Combining FormsMeaningCyst/ocyst,bladder,or sacDactyl/o digit(toes,fingers or both)Lapar/oabdominal wal
20、lOmphal/oumbilicus(navel)Onych/onail,SELECTED COMBINING FORMS THAT RELATE TO BODY STRUCTURES,Combining FormsMeaningPelv/IpelvisPeriton/operitoneumSom/a,somat/obodyThorac/ochest,Organism(many systems)System(several organs)Organ(several tissues)Tissues(many similar cells)Cells(smallest structural unit
21、),The abdomen is the portion of th body trunk that is located between the chest and the pelvis.Abdomino/centesis(abdomin/o,abdomen,+centesis,surgical puncture),usually called abdominal paracentesis,is a surgical procedure that is performed to remove excess fluids(ascites)from the abdominal cavity or
22、 to inject a therapeutic agent.,Peritonitis(periton/o,peritoneum,+-itis,inflammation)can result if infection microorganisms gain access by way of operative incisions or by the rupture or perforation of viscera or associated structures(as in rupture or perforation of viscera or associated structures(
23、as in rupture of the appendix).Microorganisms can also spread to the peritoneum fro the blood stream or lymphatic vessels.,Incision of the abdominal wall is called laparo/tomy(lapar/o,abdominal wall+-tomy,incision).Laparotomy is another way of saying an abdominal operation.Several surgical procedure
24、s involve incision of the abdominal wall,some of which are described:,Laparocholecystotomy(lapar/o,abdominal wall,+cholecyst/o,gallbladder,+-tomy,incision):incision into the gallbladder though the abdominal wall.,Laparocolostomy(lapar/o+col/o,large intestine,+-stomy,new opening):formation of a perma
25、nent opening into the colon(large intestine)through the abdominal wall.Laparocystotomy(lapar/o+cyst/o,cyst,+-tomy):abdominal incision to remove a cyst or an embryo that has implanted outside the uterus(synonym:laparocystectomy)Laparogastrotomy(lapar/o+gastr/o,stomach+-tomy):abdominal incision into t
26、he stomachLaparohepatotomy(lapar/o+hepat/o,liver+-tomy):incision of the liver through the abdominal wallLaparohysterectomy(lapar/o+hyster/o,uterus,+-ectomy,excision):removal of the uterus through an incision in the abdominal wall,Laparohysteropexy(lapar/o+hyster/o+-pexy,surgical fixation):attachment
27、 of the uterus to the abdominal wallLaparorrhaphy(lapar/o+-rrhaphy,suture):suture of the abdominal wallLaparoscopy(lapar/o+-scopy,visual examination):abdominal exploration employing a laparoscope,an instrument used to view the interior of the abdomen(laparoscopy is a type of endoscopy,a device that
28、uses fiberoptic techniques to permit visual imaging around corners)Laparosplenotomy(lapar/o+splen/o,spleen,+-tomy):incision of the spleen through an abdominal operation,NEW COMBINING FORMS USED,Combining FormMeaningCholecyst/ogallbladder,NEW COMBINING FORMS USED,Combining FormMeaningCol/ocolon(large
29、 intestine),NEW COMBINING FORMS USED,Combining FormMeaningGastr/ostomach,NEW COMBINING FORMS USED,Combining FormMeaningHepat/oliver,NEW COMBINING FORMS USED,Combining FormMeaningHyster/outerus,NEW COMBINING FORMS USED,Combining FormMeaningSplen/ospleen,The pelvis is the lower portion of the body tru
30、nk.The word pelvis can refer to any basin like structure,so you will also see it in other terms(e.g.the renal pelvis,a funnel-shaped structure within the kidney).,Pelvimetry(pelv/I,pelvis,+-metry,measurement)is the measurement of the dimensions and capacity of the pelvis.It is seldom done anymore,be
31、cause the procedure usually involves the use of x-rays.The instrument used in pelvimetry is a pelvimeter.,A cephalopelvic disproportion is a situation in which the head of the fetus is too large for the pelvis of the mother.In such cases vaginal delivery is difficult of impossible.Cephalopelvic(ceph
32、al/o,head+pelv/I,pelvis is a term that pertains to the head of the fetus and the maternal pelvis.,Omphalos is Greek for the umbilicus,or navel.Many new terms can be formed using omphal/o with various suffixes that you have already learned.,Omphalic means concerning the umbilicus.An inflamed conditio
33、n of the navel is omphal/itis.Congenital hernia of the navel is omphalo/cele.,Rupture of the navel is omphalo/rrhexis,and umbilical hemorrhage is omphalo/rrhagia,Thoracic means pertaining to the chest,because thorac/o means thorax or chest.Thoracic surgery is another way of saying chest surgery.Surg
34、ical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of fluids could be called thoracocentesis,but thoracentesis is the ore commonly used term.,Surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of fluids could be called thoracocentesis,but thoracentesis is the ore commonly used term.,Exercise 2Using what
35、 you have just learned,and word parts studied inprevious chapter,circle the correct answer to complete each sentence.,The combining form that means arms and legs is(acr/o,chir/o,cyt/o,omphal/o).The combining form blephar/o means(extremities,eyelid,brain,head).The combining form that means abdomen is
36、(pelv/I,pelv/o,abdomen/o,abdomin/o).The combining form onych/o means(head,bladder,digit,nail).The combining form for a membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is(omphal/o,lapar/o,somat/o,periton/o).,Exercise 2Using what you have just learned,and word parts studied inprevious chapter,circle the
37、 correct answer to complete each sentence.,The combining form that means arms and legs is(acr/o,chir/o,cyt/o,omphal/o).The combining form blephar/o means(extremities,eyelid,brain,head).The combining form that means abdomen is(pelv/I,pelv/o,abdomen/o,abdomin/o).The combining form onych/o means(head,b
38、ladder,digit,nail).The combining form for a membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is(omphal/o,lapar/o,somat/o,periton/o).,The combining form somat/o means(sleep,body,toes or fingers,cyst).The combining form omphal/o means(umbilicus,abdominal wall,head,chest).The combining form col/o means(ga
39、llbladder,cyst,large intestine,liver).The combining fomr hyster/o means(uterus abdominal wall,spleen,pelvis).The combining form for the tomach is(cholecyst/o,hepat/o,gastr/o,splen/o).,The combining form somat/o means(sleep,body,toes or fingers,cyst).The combining form omphal/o means(umbilicus,abdomi
40、nal wall,head,chest).The combining form col/o means(gallbladder,cyst,large intestine,liver).The combining fomr hyster/o means(uterus,abdominal wall,spleen,pelvis).The combining form for the tomach is(cholecyst/o,hepat/o,gastr/o,splen/o).,Pain in the thorax distinguished from chest pain caused by ang
41、ina pectoris,a heart condition is(thoracocentesis,thoracoschisis,thoracondynia,thoracectomy).Surgical incision of chest wall is(thoracotomy,thoracostomy,thoracostenosis,thoracolysis).Diagnostic examination of the chest cavity is(pleurotomy,pleurectomy,thoracometry,thoracoscopy).Plastic surgery of th
42、e chest in which portions of the ribs are removed to cause disease areas of the lug to collapse is(thoracolysis,thoracoplasty,thoracalgia,thoracopathy).,Pain in the thorax distinguished from chest pain caused by angina pectoris,a heart condition is(thoracocentesis,thoracoschisis,thoracondynia,thorac
43、ectomy).Surgical incision of chest wall is(thoracotomy,thoracostomy,thoracostenosis,thoracolysis).Diagnostic examination of the chest cavity is(pleurotomy,pleurectomy,thoracometry,thoracoscopy).Plastic surgery of the chest in which portions of the ribs are removed to cause disease areas of the lug t
44、o collapse is(thoracolysis,thoracoplasty,thoracalgia,thoracopathy).,Exercise 3Using words or word parts you have learned,write letters in the blanks to complete each sentence correctly.,Blephar/al means pertaining to _ _ _ _ _ _.Blephar/it is is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of eyelid.Blepharitis could le
45、ad to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ edema,swelling of the eyelids.There are other causes of blepharedema,such a crying.Blepharoplegia is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of an eyelid.Blepharoptosis is prolapse or _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of the upper eyelid.,Exercise 3Using words or word parts you have learned,write letters in the blanks to
46、 complete each sentence correctly.,Blephar/al means pertaining to eyelid.Blephar/it is is inflammation of eyelid.Blepharitis could lead to blephar edema,swelling of the eyelids.There are other causes of blepharedema,such a crying.Blepharoplegia is paralysis of an eyelid.Blepharoptosis is prolapse or
47、 sagging of the upper eyelid.,Twitching of the eyelid is blepharo _ _ _ _ _.Plastic surgery performed on the eyelid _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.Surgical incision of the eyelid is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.,Twitching of the eyelid is blepharo spasm.Plastic surgery performed on the eyelid blepharoplasty
48、.Surgical incision of the eyelid is blepharotomy.,Extremities of the body are the arms and legs.The combining for acr/o is used to refer to the extremities.In working the following exercise you will learn new terms that pertain to the arms and legs.,Exercise 4Write letters in the blanks to complete
49、each sentence correctly.,Acro/cyanosis is cyanosis of the extremities.In acrocyanosis,the arms and legs seem to be the colour _ _ _ _.Acrodermatitis is dermatitis of the extremities.In other words,the _ _ _ _ of the arms and legs is inflamed.Acr/al pertains to the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.,Exercise 4Wr
50、ite letters in the blanks to complete each sentence correctly.,Acro/cyanosis is cyanosis of the extremities.In acrocyanosis,the arms and legs seem to be the colour blue.Acrodermatitis is dermatitis of the extremities.In other words,the skin of the arms and legs is inflamed.Acr/al pertains to the ext
