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1、ETS是如何炮制出GRE阅读文章的 ETS是如何炮制出GRE阅读*的?专家为你详细解析,我们来看看吧，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。ETS是如何炮制出GRE阅读*的?专家为你详细解析GRE考试阅读*数量众多，题材覆盖面也相当广阔。这些*从何而来，ETS(GRE考试主办机构)又是如何改写并“炮制”出这些*以满足GRE考试需求?下面就来为大家分析一下GRE阅读*的*和出题思路。*一般来说，GRE的考试用阅读*大部分来自于各类比较权威的相关杂志、ETS从自然科学、社会科学刊物以及各类书籍中搜集各种题材的*，从中选出适合考试使用的内容作为阅读考试的题目。*改写审查*后，ETS会通过大量使用分词及从句
2、将句子处理得更紧凑、更严密。尽管改写后的*会变得错综复杂，但TS会尽量保证*中原有的鲜明态度以及较好的层次结构。如*一开始给出一个老观点，后有新观点对此老观点进行反对，而对于这个新观点，*作者或完全同意、或持部分保留意见、或是表现出有正有负的混合评价。出题思路一般来说，ETS的出题思路为先出关于主题、套路、态度、结构以及*的主题叙述对象的有关问题，再针对文中比较明显的具体内容出题。在出题方式上力求多做变换，也就是将原文中的词汇或句子换成另一种说法表现出来。最后找出一些极易被考生忽略的细节来作为出题对象,以此提高考试难度、拉开考生档次。以上就是GRE考试中阅读部分*和出题思路的一些分析介绍，大家
3、可以在有所了解的基础上，更有针对性的选择合适的课外读物进行阅读的积累和准备，对于出题思路也会有更好的把握，最终在GRE考试中取得好成绩。TIPS：掌握GRE阅读考试套路GRE*不仅*结构演进方式和考题类型有很强的规律性，*表达的内容也带有一定的套路。比如，关于生物进化的*，达尔文的“适者生存”总是受到批判。又比如，恩格斯的观点在GRE*中也一直受到反对。另外，GRE考试要求单词量较少，一些专业词汇如天文、生物，总是重复出现。考生只要稍作归纳，就可以迅速解题，做到事半功倍。GRE考试阅读理解模拟题及答案解析P1Many theories have been formulated to expla
4、in the role of grazers such as zooplankton in controlling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.A low number of algal cells in the presence of
5、a high number of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesized that phytoplankton produc
6、ed a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.Perhaps the fact that many of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice tha
7、t overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of enviro
8、nmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling algal numbers.These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declin
9、ed at the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determined empirically.Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural communi
10、ty grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of grazers.The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted
11、, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques.Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.In the periods of peak zooplankton abundance, th
12、at is, in the late spring and in the summer, Haney recorded maximum daily community grazing rates, for nutrient-poor lakes and bog lakes, respectively, of 6.6 percent and 114 percent of daily phytoplankton production.Cladocerans had higher grazing rates than copepods, usually accounting for 80 perce
13、nt of the community grazing rate.These rates varied seasonally, reaching the lowest point in the winter and early spring.Haneys thorough research provides convincing field evidence that grazers can exert significant pressure on phytoplankton population. (461 words)1. It can be inferred from the pass
14、age that the first theories of grazer control mentioned in the first paragraph would have been more convincing if researchers had been able to(A) observe high phytoplankton numbers under natural lake conditions(B) discover negative correlations between algae and zooplankton numbers from their field
15、research(C) understand the central importance of environmental factors in controlling the growth rates of phytoplankton(D) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect between zooplankton and phytoplankton numbers(E) invent laboratory techniques that would have allowed them to bypass their field
16、 research concerning grazer control2. Which of the following, if true, would call into question Hardys principle of animal exclusion?(A) Zooplankton are not the only organisms that are affected by phytoplankton repellents.(B) Zooplankton exclusion is unrelated to phytoplankton population density.(C)
17、 Zooplankton population density is higher during some parts of the year than during others.(D) Net phytoplankton are more likely to exclude zooplankton than are nannoplankton.(E) Phytoplankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors.For the following question, consider each of the
18、choices separately and select all that apply3. The author would be likely to agree with which of the following statements regarding the pressure of grazers on phytoplankton numbers?A Grazing pressure can vary according to the individual type of zooplankton.B Grazing pressure can be lower in nutrient
19、-poor lakes than in bog lakes.C Grazing tends to exert about the same pressure as does temperature.4. It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which many of the early researchers on grazer control could have improved their data would have been to(A) emphasize the effects of temperature, r
20、ather than of light, on phytoplankton(B) disregard nannoplankton in their analysis of phytoplankton numbers(C) collect phytoplankton of all sizes before analyzing the extent of phytoplankton concentration(D) recognize that phytoplankton other than net phytoplankton could be collected in a net(E) und
21、erstand the crucial significance of net phytoplankton in the diet of zooplankton5. According to the passage, Hargrave and Geen did which of the following in their experiments?(A) They compared the grazing rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory with the natural grazing rates of the
22、se species.(B) The hypothesized about the population density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the population density of grazers in the laboratory.(C) They estimated the community grazing rates of zooplankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community graz
23、ing rates of zooplankton.(D) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using data concerning the known population density of phytoplankton.(E) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zooplankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individ
24、ual zooplankton species.P2The belief that art originates in intuitive rather than rational faculties was worked out historically and philosophically in the somewhat wearisome volumes of Benedetto Croce, who is usually considered the originator of a new aesthetic.Croce was, in fact, expressing a very
25、 old idea.Long before the Romantics stressed intuition and self-expression, the frenzy of inspiration was regarded as fundamental to art, but philosophers had always assumed it must be controlled by law and by the intellectual power of putting things into harmonious order.This general philosophic co
26、ncept of art was supported by technical necessities. It was necessary to master certain laws and to use intellect in order to build Gothic cathedrals, or set up the stained glass windows of Chartres.When this bracing element of craftsmanship ceased to dominate artists outlook, new technical elements
27、 had to be adopted to maintain the intellectual element in art.Such were linear perspective and anatomy. (156 words)6. The passage suggests that which of the following would most likely have occurred if linear perspective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor?(A) The craftsmanship
28、that shaped Gothic architecture would have continued to dominate artists outlooks.(B) Some other technical elements would have been adopted to discipline artistic inspiration.(C) Intellectual control over artistic inspiration would not have influenced painting as it did architecture.(D) The role of
29、intuitive inspiration would not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation.(E) The assumptions of aesthetic philosophers before Croce would have been invalidated.7. Select the sentence in the passage that indicates a traditional assumption of aesthetic philosophers.8. The author ment
30、ions linear perspective and anatomy in the last sentence in order to do which of the following ?(A) Expand his argument to include painting as well as architecture(B) Indicate his disagreement with Croces theory of the origins of art(C) Support his point that rational order of some kind has often se
31、emed to discipline artistic inspiration(D) Explain the rational elements in Gothic painting that corresponded to craftsmanship in Gothic architecture(E) Show the increasing sophistication of artists after the Gothic periodP3Nahuatl, like Greek and German, is a language that allows the formation of e
32、xtensive compounds.By the combination of radicals or semantic elements, single compound words can express complex conceptual relations, often of an abstract universal character.The tlamatinime (those who know) were able to use this rich stock of abstract terms to express the nuances of their thought
33、.They also availed themselves of other forms of expression with metaphorical meaning, some probably original, some derived from Toltec coinages.Of these forms the most characteristic in Nahuatl is the juxtaposition of two words that, because they are synonyms, associated terms, or even contraries, c
34、omplement each other to evoke one single idea.Used as metaphor, the juxtaposed terms connote specific or essential traits of the being they refer to, introducing a mode of poetry as an almost habitual form of expression. (140 words)9. According to the passage, some abstract universal ideas can be ex
35、pressed in Nahuatl by(A) taking away from a word any reference to particular instances(B) removing a word from its associations with other words(C) giving a word a new and opposite meaning(D) putting various meaningful elements together in one word(E) turning each word of a phrase into a poetic meta
36、phorFor the following question, consider each of the choices separately and select all that apply10. It can be inferred solely from the information in the passage EXCEPT thatA all abstract universal ideas are ideas of complex relationsB some record or evidence of the thought of the tlamatinime exist
37、sC metaphors are always used in Nahuatl to express abstract conceptual relationshipsP1(这是一篇长*，各种不认识的词形状很接近，容易混淆，线索又多，确实难。然而，如果认真地做这种长*，一个词一句话地认真翻译*理解选项，就是在累积自己对GRE阅读的心理优势，做的越多越不怕阅读.就算花一天也要完成我就是这么劝 pian 自己的。)1Many theories have been formulated to explain the role of grazers such as zooplankton in con
38、trolling the amount of planktonic algae (phytoplankton) in lakes.很多学说都详细地阐述了湖泊里植食动物的角色，比如浮游动物，会控制浮游藻类(浮游植物)的规模。(zooplankton 浮游动物;planktonic 浮游的;algae 藻类，单数形式 alga;phytoplankton 浮游植物;graze 牛羊等吃草、放牧;grazer 查了几本词典都没有详细解释它，只说它有“放牧者、牧羊人(澳洲)”的意思，但根据语境，显然应该翻译成“吃植物的动物”而不是“放牧的人”。本句 Chen Meng 老师译得比较顺，借鉴了 ta 的
39、译法。)2The first theories of such grazer control were merely based on observations of negative correlations between algal and zooplankton numbers.早期的植食者控制论只是基于藻类和浮游动物的数量呈负相关的观察结果。(negative correlations 负相关：一个变量的增加时，总伴随着另一个变量的减少;反之亦然。一起变多或变少叫正相关。)3A low number of algal cells in the presence of a high n
40、umber of grazers suggested, but did not prove, that the grazers had removed most of the algae.藻细胞含量少，植食者较多意味着植食者处理掉了大多数藻类，但也不绝对。4The converse observation, of the absence of grazers in areas of high phytoplankton concentration, led Hardy to propose his principle of animal exclusion, which hypothesize
41、d that phytoplankton produced a repellent that excluded grazers from regions of high phytoplankton concentration.一个相反的观察结果是大量浮游植物聚集的区域浮游动物几乎消失， 这启发 H 提出了他的动物排除原理，他假设浮游植物大量聚集时可以产生一种浮游动物驱逐剂。5This was the first suggestion of algal defenses against grazing.这是第一次有人提出藻类抵抗被吃的假设。6Perhaps the fact that many
42、of these first studies considered only algae of a size that could be collected in a net (net phytoplankton), a practice that overlooked the smaller phytoplankton (nannoplankton) that we now know grazers are most likely to feed on, led to a de-emphasis of the role of grazers in subsequent research.许多
43、早期的研究只考虑到浮游植物采网能够采集的藻类，这种实验流程忽略了体型更小的浮游植物(微型浮游生物)，而我们现在知道它们是浮游动物最爱吃的食物，在后续研究中，这种忽略降低了植食者角色的重要性。7Increasingly, as in the individual studies of Lund, Round, and Reynolds, researchers began to stress the importance of environmental factors such as temperature, light, and water movements in controlling
44、algal numbers.在L，RO 和 RE 的研究中，研究者们更多地开始强调环境因素对藻类数量的控制，比如温度，光线，水流。8These environmental factors were amenable to field monitoring and to simulation in the laboratory.这些环境因素更便于现场监测和实验室模拟。9Grazing was believed to have some effect on algal numbers, especially after phytoplankton growth rates declined at
45、the end of bloom periods, but grazing was considered a minor component of models that predicted algal population dynamics.研究者相信浮游动物的摄食行为对藻类数量有影响，特别是浮游植物爆发期尾声增长率下降后，不过这种摄食行为只被看作预测藻类数量动态模型中的一个小因素。10The potential magnitude of grazing pressure on freshwater phytoplankton has only recently been determine
46、d empirically.摄食压力对淡水浮游植物的潜在重要性最近才通过实验被认定。11Studies by Hargrave and Geen estimated natural community grazing rates by measuring feeding rates of individual zooplankton species in the laboratory and then computing community grazing rates for field conditions using the known population density of graz
47、ers.H 和 G 主持的研究，先测量实验室中单独的浮游动物种群进食速率，再用已知的浮游动物种群密度计算出野外总体浮游动物摄食速率，通过这种方式估算出自然条件下浮游动物总体的摄食速率。12The high estimates of grazing pressure postulated by these researchers were not fully accepted, however, until the grazing rates of zooplankton were determined directly in the field, by means of new experimental techniques.然而，直到借助新的实验技术，野生环境中浮游动物的摄食率最终被测定以前，这些研究者(H 和 G)那种高度基于估算的摄食率都没有获得完全的认同。13Using a specially prepared feeding chamber, Haney was able to record zooplankton grazing rates in natural field conditions.通过一个特别设计的喂食器，HN 得以记录自然环境下浮游动物的摄食率。(chamber
