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1、Seven Vital Points for Pork Production养 猪 生 产 中 的 七 个 要 点,Challenges for the New Millenium新 千 年 的 挑 战,朱 稳 森 博士美 国 谷 物 协 会中 国 广 州,7 Vital Points,I.Genetics 遗 传II.Animal Environments 动 物 环 境III.Nutrition 营 养IV.Herd Health 猪 群 健 康V.Marketing the Product 销 售 产 品VI.Waste Management 排 污 管 理VII.Production
2、Management 生 产 管 理,I.Genetics 遗 传II.Animal Environments 动 物 环 境III.Nutrition 营 养IV.Herd Health 猪 群 健 康V.Marketing the Product 销 售 产 品VI.Waste Management 排 污 管 理VII.Production Management 生 产 管 理,Genetics 遗 传-Performance of the pig will never be betterthan that level of performance permitted bythe inf
3、ormation encoded in its genetic material.猪的生产性能决不会超过企遗传信息所允许的表现Genetics is important in several key aspects of production:遗传在养猪生产的下列方面很重要：Reproduction 繁殖Growth 生长 Resistance to Disease 抗病能力 Product Acceptability 产品接受能力,Reproductive Characteristics with a Genetic Component遗传组分的繁殖特性 Age at First Estru
4、s 初情期 Intensity and Duration of Estrus 发情表现和持续时间 Seasonal Infertility 季节性不孕anestrus 不发情failure to conceive 配种失败pregnancy loss 妊娠失败abortion 流产late return to estrus 返情推迟sow“not in pig”failure to farrow 分娩失败prolonged wean-estrus interval 断奶到发情间隔延长,Reproductive Characteristics with a Genetic Component繁殖
5、性状遗传组分 Pigs Born Alive 活产仔数Ovulation Rate 排卵率Fertilization of Ova 受精Embryo Durability 胚胎存活力Development and Survival of Fetus to Term 分娩前胎畜的发育和存活 Litter Weight at Birth 出生重Milk Production 泌乳量Wean to Estrus Interval 断奶到发情的间隔Longevity 使用寿命Libido 性欲,Growth Characteristics with Genetic Components生长性状遗传组分
6、,Average Daily Gain 日增重Body weight gain 体增重Lean tissue gain 瘦肉组织增重Mature Body Size 成熟体格Growth curve 生长曲线Early growth 早期生长Sustained growth 持续生长Should be appropriate to desired market weights应是理想上市体重Regression of Body Size 体格的回归Boar Gilt Barrow公猪母猪阉公猪,Feed Efficiency 饲料效率Nutrient Digestion and Absorpt
7、ion 养分的消化和吸收Metabolism of Nutrients 养分代谢Uniformity of Growth 生长一致性Large drafts of Uniform Pigs Marketed大批一致的上市猪Ability to design exact nutritional regimens设计正确的营养配方的能力,Growth Characteristics with Genetic Components生长性状遗传组分,Genetic Resistance to Disease抗病遗传,Durability 耐粗性Robust,Durable-Coarse 强壮，耐粗-粗
8、糙Fragile-Refined 敏感-精细Foot and Leg Structural Soundness肢蹄结实度Humoral Immunocompetency-Ig Production体液免疫性Ig产生Cellular Immunocompetency细胞免疫性SLA/MHC Haplotype,Product Acceptability 产品接受能力,PSE Pork 苍白松软渗水猪肉Halothane Gene 氟烷基因Napole Gene Napole 基因Others?其它？Intramuscular Fat Content 肌间脂肪含量Intramuscular Gly
9、cogen Content 肌间糖原含量Muscle Fiber Characteristics 肌纤维性质Skin/Hair color 皮肤/毛发颜色Preferences of market 市场喜好Dehairing ability 脱毛能力,Animal Environments 动物环境,Housing 圈舍Equipment 设施Interaction of the Pig with the Production Environment 猪和市场环境的互相影响Interaction of People with the Production Environment 人和市场环境的
10、相互影响,Animal Environment-Housing 动物环境圈舍,Designed for Pigs to live in.为 猪 而 设 计Pig Oriented Housing Designs以猪为指南的圈舍设计Temperature Control 温度控制Heating 加热Cooling 降温Ventilation 通风Moisture Control 湿度控制Temperature Control 温度控制,Animal Environment-Equipment动物环境设施,Access to feed 采食饲料能力Access to water 饮水能力Confi
11、nement/Control 封闭/控制Animal Comfort 动物舒适Usability-“ergonomics”可使用能力人类工程学,Animal Environment-Interaction with the Pig动物环境和猪的互相影响,Production Efficiency 生产效能Pig Welfare/Well-being 猪的福利Stress Reduction 应激下降,Animal Environment-Interactions with People.动物环境与人的互相影响,Ease of Operation 易于操作Worker Productivity
12、工人生产能力Avoidance of Hazardous Conditions避免危险的条件Reduction of Injuries 减少伤害,Nutritional Challenges 营养挑战,Meet the Nutritional Requirements of the Pig满足猪的营养需要Economic Optimization of Diet Formulations日粮配制的经济最优化Meet Demands of the Market for Feed满足市场对饲料的需求Continuing Research继续研究Producer Education生产者培训,Nut
13、ritional Requirements of the Pig猪的营养需要,Situation-Specific Requirements 特别需要Genetics 遗传Gender 性别Production Environment 生产环境Stage of Production 生产阶段Desired End-product Considerations 考虑市场对终产品的需求,Nutritional Optimization 营养优化,Formulation 配方Optimal Production Levels 最佳生产水平Optimal Costs of Production 最佳生
14、产成本Best Cost，not only Least-Cost.最佳成本不只是最低成本Growth Modeling 生长模型Avoid Underformulating or Overformulating避免不足或过度配方Improve Growth Rate,Feed Efficiency提高生长速度，改善饲料效率Increase Protein Accretion Rate and Total Lean%提高蛋白增长速度和总瘦肉量,Nutritional Optimization 营养优化,Interactive Growth Modeling猪与生长模型的互作Constant Fl
15、ow of Data from Farm猪场数据持续转化为模型Adjustment of Diets to fit Feed intake and Growth rates.调整日粮以与饲料采食量和生长速度相吻合,Demand of the Market for Feed市场对饲料的需求,Producer Preferences 生产者的偏爱Local Ingredients 当地原料Tradition 传统Knowledge 知识,Producer Education 生产者培训,The more we understand the system,the better job we can
16、do.对系统了解越多，就会把工作做得更好Perfection of Knowledge Expels Fear.彻底了解就会无所畏惧。,Applied Nutrition Research Challenges应用营养学研究,Bridge the Gap Between Producers and Researchers.沟通生产者和研究者Demonstration/Proving of Existing Technologies.现有技术的演示与验证Develop Ways to Implement New Technologies.新技术的开发渠道Assess the Impact of
17、Technologies on the Industry and Suggest Appropriate Action.评估技术对养猪业的影响并提出可行方案,Basic Nutrition Research Challenges基础营养研究,Refinement of Nutrient Requirements完善营养需要Develop Practical Methods for Evaluating Feedstuffs开发评价饲料原料的实用方法Biochemical/Biometric Testing of Pigs to Determine Nutritional Adequacy/Ex
18、cess.进行猪的生化/生物统计学测定，以确定营养适量/过量Techniques for Improvement of Nutrient Utilization.改善养分利用的技术,Herd Health Challenges 猪群健康,Reduce the Economic Impact of Infectious Disease 减少疾病造成的经济损失Epidemic Disease 流行病Endemic“Production”Disease 流行生产病Make Reliable Diagnostic Services Available可靠的诊断服务Develop and Impleme
19、nt Preventive Programs开发和实行预防计划Establish Eradication Programs.建立根除计划,The Decline of the Antibiotic Age 抗生素时代的衰退,Trend:Lessening of the Role of Antibiotics in Pig Production.趋势：养猪生产中抗生素的作用在减弱Microbial Resistance细菌的抵抗力Consumer Concerns消费者关注Cost Reduction 降低成本Medicine 药物Labor 劳力Lost production 生产损失,Alt
20、ernatives to Antibiotic Use.取代抗生素使用的可行措施,Management 管理All-in/All-out 全进全出Early Weaning 早期断奶Segregation and Isolation 隔离Better Animal Environments个 较好的动物环境,Alternatives to Antibiotic Use.取代抗生素使用的可行措施,Genetics 遗传Vaccination 疫苗注射Better Diets 较好的日粮Innovative Dietary Ingredients 新的日粮组分 ZnO-Useful 2 weeks
21、 after weaning ZnO断奶后2周有效 Oligosaccharides(effect not yet proven)寡糖（效果尚未证实）,Eradication of Internationally Important Epidemic Viral Diseases of Swine根除重要的世界流行病毒病,Why?为什么？Elimination of Present and Future Threat消除现行和将来的恐惧Gain Access to International Export Markets获得国际出口市场USA free from:美国没有：FMD-1920s
22、口蹄疫HCV-1980s 猪瘟 PRV-2000 伪狂犬病 Canada,Japan-free 日本，加拿大没有Europe 欧洲,Eradication of Internationally Important Epidemic Viral Diseases of Swine 根除重要的世界流行病毒病,Methods 方法Area Vaccination to Reduce Spread and Effect区域性进行疫苗注射以减少传播和危害Elimination of Reservoirs and“Virus Factories”消除病毒库和病毒工厂Diagnostic Tools诊断工具
23、Effective Vaccines有效的疫苗Management-Education-Training管理培训训练,Diagnostic Challenges 诊断,Knowledge-Based Disease Management对疾病了解基础上的疾病控制Problems are often Multifactorial.问题经常是多因素引起的。The treatment should fit the problem.治疗应对症Establish Linkage Between Farms and Labs建立猪场和实验室之间的联系Trust-mutual 互相信任Financial-t
24、esting costs money.财政检验需要花钱Service-good answers on time.服务好的回答是及时回答,Diagnostic Challenges 诊断,Adaptation of Old and New Technologies新 旧 技 术 的 应 用Bacteriology-细菌学culture and sensitivity 培养和敏感性bacterins 自价疫苗Histopathology 组织学Advanced Methods 先进方法ELISA 酶联免疫PCR,In-situ Hybridization Electron Microscopy 电
25、子显微镜Laboratories 实验室Farm 猪场Regional 地区National Reference Laboratories 国家参考实验室,Marketing the Product 销售产品,Promotion 推销Production 生产Serve the People 服务Food Safety 食品安全性Microbiological Safety 微生物学安全Freedom from Harmful Chemicals 不含有害化学物质Attractive Product 有吸引力的产品Freedom from PSE 没有PSEAntioxidant Feedin
26、g 抗氧化剂饲喂Tastes good 味道好Intramuscular Fat 肌间脂肪Intramuscular Glycogen 肌间糖原Texture 质地,Waste Management 废弃物管理,Odor 气味Chemicals 化学品Nitrogen-NH4+,NO3-氮Carbon skeletons 探架Phosphorus 磷Sulfur 硫Other minerals-copper,etc.其它矿物质铜等Recycling/Recapture of Nutrients 回收养分water-large space 湿需要较大空间dry-small space 干需要空间
27、较小aerobic or anaerobic?需氧还是厌氧？,Waste Management Challenges 废弃物管理,-a limiting factor for future growth.是日后养猪业发展的限制因素North Carolina 北卡罗来纳州1990s-rapid expansion 迅速扩大发展Now-No New Pig Farms Permitted.现在不允许建立新猪场NIMBY-ismNot In My Back Yard.（别在我的房子后面建猪场）。,Production Management Challenges生产管理,Pig Factors 猪的
28、因素People Factors 人为因素,Production Management-People 生产管理 人,Training 培训Establish proficiency 使雇员熟练操作Train your people 培训人员Evaluate based on results 根据结果作出评价Re-train in specific areas 某些特殊方面可重复培训Continued periodic training 进行连续的周期性的培训Train the Trainers.对培训者进行培训,Production Management-People,Incentive pr
29、ograms are obsolete奖励制度已过时dont force people to lie 不应迫使人们撒谎good information flow desired 应有准确的信息交流incentive quickly becomes expectation 奖励很快成为期望Participation in Outcome 参与分红profit sharing 利益共享Accountability/Responsibility 期望/责任感Promotion 提拔Retraining 重新培训Discharge 开除,Production Management-People生产管理
30、人的因素,Interaction of Management with Pigs,People.人与猪的互相影响“You must attend!”你必须参与Management by“wandering around”巡视式的管理Quality of Life 生活质量People are not machines.人不是机器The guy on the bottom may be as important as the guy on the top.下层人员和上层人员一样重要Employee satisfaction 雇员满意,Production Management-the Pigs生
31、产管理猪的因素,Records 记录Computerized management information system计算机管理信息系统PigChamp,PigWin,equivalent Reports 报告Culling 淘汰Planning 规划Decision-Making 作出决定Systems Approach to Production 系统化生产,Development of New Technologies开发新技术Application of Old Technologies应用旧技术Multidisciplinary Integration多领域的综合体Every part is connected to every other part.各部分是互相连系的,面对未来，人人有份，人人有责。,
