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1、English Writing II,Unit 4 Customs,The focus in this unit is on the features and organizational patterns of process and the use of relevant linking devices in writings of process analysis.At the end of the unit you are expected to be able to use techniques of process description in paragraph writing.
2、,Part I Warm-up Activities,Look at the pictures on page34,and describe how cookies are made.new words for reference:原料：ingredients 擀（面）：roll 面团：paste 蛋黄：egg yolks 烤箱：oven 烤：bake,Reference to the process description:1.Blend all the ingredients.2.Roll the paste into round cookies.3.Brush the paste wit
3、h egg yolks.4.Then put it in the oven to bake.,Part II Process Analysis,Process writing organizes its ideas according to the steps of the process.The procedures or steps have to be arranged as they reasonably or objectively(not randomly)occur.The purpose of process description is usually to inform,t
4、each,or give ideas to the reader about how something new(or interesting or conventional)happens or in what way it can be completed.,Organizational Structure,Read sample 1&2,finish their following tables,and summarize the features as they show in the paragraphs.Sample 1Questions:1.What is the topic o
5、f the paragraph?This paragraph offers a recipe of making chocolate chip cookies.,Complete the table according to the steps in Sample 1:Step 1 Get ready flour,water,sugar,salt,eggs,and chocolate.Step 2 Mix flour and baking soda together with water.Step 3 Add salt and put butter and sugar together in
6、a separate bowl.Step 4 Add two eggs to this mixture.,Step 5 Mix in chocolate chips and nuts after combining all the ingredientsStep 6 Place the little cookies formed from the mixture onto a cookie sheet.Step 7 Bake all these pieces for 8 minutes at 375 degrees Fahrenheit.Step 8(result)Here are the c
7、hocolate chip cookies that can be served for afternoon tea.,Summarize the pattern of process description in the paragraph.We have observed that the sample paragraph explains or describes the successive steps of making some cookies for afternoon tea in Britain.This pattern of organization is called p
8、rocess writing.In this pattern,you may illustrate the process of doing something in detail from beginning to end.And the description of these details has to follow the order of the actual steps.,Sample 2Questions1.What is discussed in the text?This paragraph tells us about the famous bullfight in Sp
9、ain.,Now discuss in groups the organization of the paragraph and then fill in the table below:What are the steps involved in the performance?Step 1 Performers are seen walking across the ring to the music(audience waiting for the first bull to run in from that small wooden door).Step 2 Various perfo
10、rmances start(by the assistant bullfighters,the horse-riders,those to throw sticks,and the final bullfighter).,Step 3 The fighting bulls finally get killed.Step 4 The bullfighter receives applause and awards,or abuse,cushions or other things.Step 5 The ring place is cleaned up.,Summarize the pattern
11、 the sample paragraphs follow:You may have noticed many similarities as well as some slight differences between the organizational patterns of Sample 1 and Sample 2.On the whole,Sample 2 follows a similar pattern of organization to Sample 1 in the way it describes the process from beginning to end.,
12、In such a pattern,the writer may conveniently structure his paragraph by the steps as they actually happen,while effectiveness is also achieved.Within this framework,transitional devices are often used to ensure a smooth flow from one step to the next.,(differences),However,Sample 2 is not as comple
13、tely a description of a process as Sample 1 in that sentences of explanation or classification are added here and there to further clarify the procedure.This is,in fact,more typical of process writing.,Linking Devices,Read the following two paragraphs and answer the questions:1.What topics do the pa
14、ragraphs mainly deal with?Both paragraphs deal with a similar topic:buying Christmas cards.2.Which paragraph is easier to understand?Paragraph B is easier to understand.,3.What makes this particular paragraph easier to understand?It has certain words and phrases that help clarify the relationship be
15、tween steps of the buying process.,4.What pattern of organization can be identified in Paragraph B?This paragraph combines the characteristics of Samples 1 and 2 in terms of organization.It not only starts from the preliminary stage to the end of the process,but also contains some sentences which pr
16、ovide supplementary comments or explanations where necessary.,Now work in groups and find out those words and phrases that indicate the order of procedures in paragraph B.The process of buying cardsWhenever begin tofirstthen start doingsome otherfinallyIn this way but anyhow,Can you think of any oth
17、er expression indicating process analysis?whenever begin to do/start doing at the beginning offirst then finally afterwardsthen comes some other,after/before this in advancenow when all this is donesignal the end of,Unit Summary,In this unit we have discussed two types of process writing:exclusive d
18、escription of the procedures in a process and description with supplementary explanations.The exclusive process description allows the writer to cover all the steps or procedures from beginning to end,whereas the second type requires the writer to clarify certain steps with additional statements.The
19、 second type is more frequently seen in practical writing.,Another important point discussed in this unit is concerned with relevant linking devices,i.e.words or phrases that help ensure a smooth flow of steps or clarify steps in writing.We need to make a conscious effort to use these devices in writing paragraphs of process description so that our writing will be effective and coherent.,Discussion,Discuss in your group,and then draft an outline about the procedures of a wedding ceremony in your hometown,according the customs about what people would do in such a special day.1.2.3.,
