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1、农业资源与环境专业英语,English for Agricultural Resources and Environment,Self-introduction,Why?,We need it!,What？,Goals（1）Literature searching（2）Translation skills（3）Writing of Scientific and Technical papers（4）Share Ideas,Experience and Results of your research,Description of the Course,The nature of the cur
2、riculum:Compulsory courseAntecedence courses:English、Soil science、Plant nutrition Reference books：English Course for Science of Resources and Environment许宏修主编;环境科学与工程专业英语彭举威主编；英汉科技翻译教程韩其顺主编；英语科技论文写作精要辜嘉铭编著；Duration of course:36 hoursTypes of activities:learning-based classes,case study,workshop,tran
3、slation exercise,watching video related to environmental issue.Test mode:attendance(20%);Performance in class(50%);housework(30%),Contents,Unit 1 The Basic Knowledge of English for Professional PurposeUnit 2 The translation of English for Special PurposeUnit 3 Reading Comprehension and Translation o
4、f English for Agricultural Resources and EnvironmentUnit 4 Writing of Scientific and Technical Papers,Unit 1 The Basic Knowledge of English for Professional Purpose,1.1 The characters of Language1.2 The characters of Grammar1.3 The characters of Words and Expressions1.4 The characters of the Structu
5、re,1.1 The characters of Language,1.1.1 Accuracy 准确：表达上不使用模棱两可的词。e.g.Water supply and Drainage Engineering offers a particular challenge because almost every process of wastewater treatment that is designed and built by engineers is unique.One process rarely duplicate another exactly.1.1.2 Brevity 简
6、洁：避免不必要的润饰和重复，但不排除长句的使用。e.g.Be strict to the examination and approval of the new projects in HuaiHe River basin,and carry out the environment influence assessment system.The projects which are not in accord with the Tenth-Five-year plan should not be approved.e.g.Metals expand when heated and contra
7、ct when cooled,1.1.3 Clarity 清晰：清晰主要是强调逻辑严谨、概念清晰、关系分明、句子连贯。,1.1 The characters of Language,？,结论,科技推理,归纳,总结,分析问题,提出问题,逻辑、语法词使用的普遍,表示原因,语气转折,逻辑顺序,表示限制,表示假设,because,because of,due to,owing to,as,as a result of,caused by,for,but,however,nevertheless,yet,otherwise,so,thus,therefore,furthermore,moreover,i
8、n addition to,only,if only,except,besides,unless,suppose,assuming provided,providing,1.2 The characters of Grammar,1.2.1 大量使用被动语态（1/3及物动词）一方面是因为科技文体反映的是客观事实及据此作出的科学推论，语言运用要求体现客观性和普遍性，避免使用人称作主语以免主观臆断，更少有主观色彩；另一方面是因为科技文体描述的是科研的对象、手段、过程，使用被动语态更能说明需要论证的对象，更能使其位置鲜明、突出。e.g.During this oxidation process,po
9、llutants are broken down into carbon dioxide(CO2),water(H2O),nitrates,sulphates and biomass(micro-organisms).e.g.By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators,the process can be significantly accelerated.,1.2.2 名词化结构特别是动词的非谓语形式（不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词）使用的频率高 e.g.The mastery of a foreign language
10、 will be of great use to your study of agricultural resource and environment e.g.The demands for sophisticated analysis,coupled with some serious limitations on computational capability,led to a host of special techniques for solving a corresponding set of special problems.,1.2.3 非人称的语气和客观的态度，常用It+及
11、物动词+加不定式结构e.g.It makes no difference to take this medicine before or after meals.e.g.Although the quantities of water used for potable reuse are limited,because it is a hotly debated subject to reuse reclaimed water that encompasses important issues related to advanced wastewater treatment,public he
12、alth,and public acceptance.,1.2.4 长句较多，但因专业英语多为说明性的，从句与从句之间、主从句之间、短语之间、短语与句子间关系较简单，可借助专业知识，根据上下文逻辑关系解决 e.g.Unfortunately,it is universal that the polluted rivers can be found near densely populated areas all over the world,support no fish,are high in bacterial content(usually including pathogenic or
13、ganisms（病原体）)since,in extreme cases,the polluted rivers which appear muddily blue-green from choking（令人窒息的）algae（藻类）and stink（发出臭味）from putrefaction(腐败)and fermentation（发酵）.That 引出主语从句，since 引出原因状语从句，在since从句中，包含由关系代词which引出的定语从句，修饰 the polluted rivers,1.2.5 省略句较多：为了简洁，有时省略掉句子中的一些成分，如状语从句中的主语和谓语、定语从
14、句中的关联词which或what，从句中的助动词等，但基本不省略形容词、副词。e.g.If not well controlled,the inland water may be more deteriorate.常见的省略句型有：As already discussed;If possible;As described above;If so;As explained before;When(If)necessary;As indicated in Fig.1;When needed;As previously mentioned;Where feasible;When in use;Whe
15、re possible.,1.2.6 条件语句较多，最常用的是If条件句。e.g.The huge investment in the infrastructure(基础设施)will be erased quickly if proper maintenance and rehabilitation procedures are enforced and funded.1.2.7 较多使祈使语气和公式化表达方式在理论分析和公式推导中常采用Assumed that,Suppose that,Let等祈使语气表达方式。e.g.Be careful not to simply assume the
16、y are caused by climate change.e.g.Suppose that P=0 at x=y,构词法：通过学习构词法，可以运用构词规律，分析词的构成，加强对词汇的理解和记忆。甚至遇到生词也可能通过解析而辩义识词，以便迅速扩大和巩固词汇，提高阅读和翻译的能力。英语构词主要有以下三种方法：,1.合成法(compounding)：由两个或两个以上独立的词合成一个新词，叫合成法。这种方法不论在普通词汇或是科技词汇的构词中，都占有很大的数量。一般来说，合成词的前者往往修饰后者。,1.3 The characters of Words and Expressions,(1)复合名词
17、的构成方式 名词十名词 news-paper（报纸），test-tube（试管)形容词十名词 green-house(温室)，dark-room(暗室)动名词十名词freezing-point(冰点)，working-table(工作台)动词十名词work-shop(车间)，grind-stone(磨石，砂轮)副词十名词out-break(爆发)，over-coat(大衣)代词+名词he-goat(公山羊)，she-wolf(母狼)动词十副词break-down(崩溃)，get-together(联欢)名词十介词editor-in-chief(总编辑)，father-in-law(岳父),(2
18、)复合形容词的构成方式 形容词十名词first-hand(第一手的)，low-temperature(低温的)形容词+形容词light-blue(浅蓝的)，red-hot(灼热的)名词+形容词colour-blind(色盲的)，world-wide(全世界规模的)形容词十名词十ed(或-d)small-sized(小型的)，open-minded(胸襟开阔的)名词十过去分词man-made(人造的)，snow-covered(雪盖着的)名词+现在分词man-eating(吃人的)，earth-shaking(震动世界的)副词+分词far-reaching(意义深远的)，well-informe
19、d(消息灵通的)副词十介词十名词up-to-date(最新式的)，out-of-date(过时的)数词十名词(+ed)five-year-planed(五年计划)，four-cornered(四角的)副词十形容词ever-green(常绿的)，over-sensitive(过敏的)形容词十分词ready-made(现成的)，good-looking(好看的)名词+名词+ed iron-willed(有钢铁意志的),(3)复合代词的构成方式 代词宾格或物主代词十self(selves)himself，ourselves 某些不定代词(some，any，no，every)十(body，one，th
20、ing)everybody，everything，nobody，no one，none，nothing(4)复合动词的构成方式 副词+动词overcome(克服)，uphold(主张,支持)名词+动词sun-bathe(行日光浴)(5)复合副词的构成方式 名词+名词sideways(横着)；名词+副词headfirst(头朝下)形容词十名词meanwhile(同时)；介词+名词beforehand(事先),2派生法(affixation)：在一个单词前或后加上一个词缀(词头或词尾)，变成一个新词，这种构词法叫派生法。词缀有前缀(词头)和后缀(词尾)二种。加前缀一般只引起词意变化，而不引起词类转
21、化。加后缀则往往可使词类转化，有时词意也随之而变化。加前缀(prefix)的单词如：unfair(不公正的)，dislike(厌恶)，amoral(超道德的)，superman(超人)，cooperate(合作，协作)，foretell(预言)，bicycle(自行车)，tricycle(三轮车)等。加后缀(postfix)的单词如：piglet(猪崽)，friendship(友谊)，socialist(社会主义者)，happiness(幸福)，childless(无子女的)，pointed(尖锐的)为了描述各种科学现象和物质特性，科技英语中有许多表示数量、大小、程度、性质、状态的形容词，除一
22、般形容词外，大多数由动词、名词派生而来，如动词后加-able，-ed，-ing，-ire；名词后加-al，-ic，-ious等。,inter-表示“在一起,交互”pref.（前缀）(1)在之间；在之中：international.intercity.(2)在中间；在里面：inter-tropical.南北回归之间的,热带地区(3)相互的；相互地：interrelate.interconnect.interdependence(4)交互的；交互地：intermingleun-用于形容词之前,表示“不”pref.（前缀）(1)不：unhappy,unaccepted(2)对相对的；与相反的：unr
23、est(3)表示“做相反之动作”：unbind Desiredesirable(令人满意的，值得想要的)undesirable,im-(1)pref.（用于b,m,p之前）=in-表示“否定,与.相反”之义*impatient,impractical,impossible(2)表示“向内，在上”之义*migrate(immigrate,emigrate)*port-(import,export)in-或 il-或 im-或 ir-在 l之前，in-通常转化为 il-，illiterate,illogical 在 r 之前，in-通常转化为 ir-,irregular,irresistible,
24、3 转化法（conversion）：把一个词从一种词类转化成另一种词类；基本不改变词形，只是在使用时改变其词类。Try to do it.Let me have a try.Black/to blacken;hot/to heat;full/to fillCorrect(正确的)Correct（纠正）Sample(样品)sample（取样）,1.3 The characters of Words and Expressions,1.3.1 专业（special）词汇，半专业（semi-special）词汇 专业词汇：词义专一，且词形越长词义就越专一，出现频 率不高e.g.Pilot-scale
25、(小规模试验)；chemical-physical(物理化学)；activated sludge(活性污泥)；water consumption(用水量)；wastewater flow(污水量)半专业词汇：在不同的领域有不同的含义e.g.foundation(基金，基础，地基)；frame(框架，屋架，画面等)；operation(操作，运行，作业，手术，运算)；load(负荷，加载，装填等),前后缀出现的频率高：据有关统计，现代专业科技英语中，有50%以上的词汇源于希腊语、拉丁语等外来语，而这些外来语词汇构成的一个显著特征就是广泛使用词缀（前缀prefix和后缀suffix）hydroly
26、sis(水解作用)，biodegradable（生物可降解的），absorption（吸收）表示行为、性质、状态等抽象概念：-ance-ence,-oty,-ment,-ness,-sion,-tion,-th,-ure 表示某种性质和特征：-able，-ible-ant,-ent,-al,-ic,-ical,-ive,-ous,1.3.3 专业英语较多使用了词性的转化常见的词性转换类型有：名词转动词、形容词转动词、动词转名词、形容词转名词Standard(n.)standardized(v.);former(adj.)the former(n.);wide(adj.)widen(v.)1.3
27、.4 广泛使用缩写（Abbreviation）词COD chemical oxygen demand 化学需氧量BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量TOC total organic carbon 总有机碳;DO dissolved oxygen 溶解氧POPs persistent organic pollutants 持久性有机污染物TSP total suspended particle 总悬浮颗粒TN total nitrogen 总凯氏氮;MBR membrane bioreactor 膜生物反应器SCI(Science Citation Index
28、)(美)科学引文索引EI(Engineering Index)(美)工程索引ISTP(Index to Scientific and Technical Proceedings)(美)科技会议录索引,使用规范书面语动词 在动词方面，科技英语较多地使用规范的书面语动词来代替日常口语中的动词短语。例如：用discover来代替find out；用 observe代替look at等等。,下面是一组对照，横线右侧的例子更适合专业论文：Speed up-accelerateUse up-exhaustTake up,take in-absorbCarry outperformThink about-c
29、onsiderThrow out,get rid of-eliminateTake away-removeGet together-concentrateKeep up-maintain,1.4 The characters of the Structure,上述语言、语法和词汇形成了专业英语的基础，更进一步还需要了解专业英语在段落及文章层面上的结构特点，了解隐含在语言运用中的逻辑思维过程。这样，才有助于把握文章的要点和重点，提高阅读和理解的能力。一般，在每一个自然段落中，总有一个语句概括出该段落的重点。若干个自然段落会形成一个逻辑（或结构）段落，用以从不同角度来解说某一层面的核心内容。全篇则由若干个逻辑段落组成，从不同的层面来阐述文章标题所表明的中心思想。The Resources and the Environment,
