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1、,第二章 词汇搭配和句子成分,主讲：秦荻辉 教授,西安电子科技大学,2.1词汇搭配,1、固定词组（在词典中可以查到）,in a word,take place,take the place of,as a matter of fact,as usual,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系（会出现在词典的例句中或各种文章中，望多观察）,（1）某些名词必须与特定的动词连用,2.1词汇搭配,提高质量,raise the efficiency,提高能力,提高警惕,improve the quality,提高效率,increaseimprove the ability,enhanceheighten
2、ones vigilance,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,（1）某些名词必须与特定的动词连用,2.1词汇搭配,取得成就进步,make achievements progress,取得一致意见,reach complete agreement of views,取得教训,draw lessons,取得成功,取得同意,achieve success,obtain the consent,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,（1）某些名词必须与特定的动词连用,2.1词汇搭配,作一分析比较，研究,作一介绍描述，说明,give an introduction a description,an
3、 explanation,make an analysis a comparison,a study,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,Laser beams are sent at the moon.,Electrons are emitted at the screen（荧光屏）.,（2）某些动词、形容词、名词要与特定的介词连用,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,（2）某些动词、形容词、名词要与特定的介词连用,2.1词汇搭配,emitaimsendpointdirectthrowshoot,at 朝向,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,某些名词前
4、必须用特定的介词,Radio waves travel in all directions,At this temperature the metal melts.,For this purpose To this end,we must try hard to scale the heights of science.,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,on a large scale,to a great extent degree,point,in a great measure,某些名词前必须用特定的介词,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,某些名
5、词后必须要用特定的介词,These students are doing an experiment in physics on electricity.,They are attending a lecture a report,a conference on mobile communications（移动通讯）.,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,the answer key,solution to a problem,the preface to a book,an exception to a rule,the current through a componen
6、t,the voltage across a component,某些名词后必须要用特定的介词,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,名词与介词的一种常见而有用的搭配模式（注意其汉译法）,西安电子科技大学,(A 和 B也是名词),名词 of A 介词 B,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,名词与介词的一种常见而有用的搭配模式（注意其汉译法）,A、该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成“AB的”）,B、该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“A”为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“AB的”）,C、该“名词”来自于及物动词（“A”为该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系
7、,2.1词汇搭配,A、该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成“AB的”）,This section（节）describes the advantages of AC over DC.,The advantage of TDMA over SCPC is that more ground stations can share（共享）a single satellite transponder（应答器）.,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,A、该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成“AB的”）,Speed is defined as the ratio of distance to tim
8、e.,The effect influnce;impact of temperature on upon the resistance of a semiconductor must be taken into account.,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,A、该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成“AB的”）,The distance of the moon from the earths center is 240,000 mi.,The effectiveness（有效性）of this force depends only on the perpendicular
9、distance of its line of action（作用线）from the hinges（铰链；折叶）.,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,A、该“名词”为普通的抽象名词（译成“AB的”）,the superiority of A to B,the similarity of A to B,the relation(ship)of A to B,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,B、该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“A”为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“AB的”）,This curve shows the dependence of the output
10、 on upon the input.(depend on upon),The variation of the conductivity of a metal with temperature is very small.(vary with),西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,B、该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“A”为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“AB的”）,Ellipses（椭圆）are used to describe the motions of the planets（行星）round the sun.(move round),All conductors offer
11、small resistance to the passage of electrons through them.(pass through),西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,B、该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“A”为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“AB的”）,The control engineer is usually interested in the response of a control system to unit step（单位阶跃）,ramp（斜波）,and parabolic（抛物）functions（函数）.（respond to）,西安电子科技大学,2、
12、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,B、该“名词”来自于不及物动词（“A”为该名词的逻辑主语；译成“AB的”）,the deviation of A from B(deviate from)the interaction of A with B(interact with)the projection of A on B(project on),西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,*特殊情况：,the,increasedecreaserisefallchangereduction,in/of A with B,“A随B的而”,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,
13、*特殊情况：,A gradual increase in resistance with speed is characteristic of friction between the boats bottom and the water.,*,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,the variation of current with impedance.,Fig.1 shows,the graph of current as a function of impedance.,the graph of current versus vs.impedance.,the gr
14、aph of current against impedance.,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,The definition of electric current as a flow of charge is familiar to all of us.(define A as B),The separation of aluminum from its ore（矿石）was very difficult at that time.(separate A from B),C、该“名词”来自于及物动词（“A”为该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）,西安电子科技大学,2
15、、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,In this case,exposure of the body to sunlight helps to overcome anemia（贫血）and stimulate（刺激）metabolism（新陈代谢）.(expose A to B),C、该“名词”来自于及物动词（“A”为该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,The resolution（分解）of a force into x-and y-components is possible.(resolve A into B),C、该“名词”来自于
16、及物动词（“A”为该名词的逻辑宾语；采用“动宾”译法）,A comparison of Eq.(1-4)with Eq.(1-6)leads to the following relations.(compare A with B),西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,*注意以下形式：,What is the date of the discovery of America by Columbus?,“名词（来自及物动词）of A（逻宾）介词 B（逻状）by C（逻主）”,西安电子科技大学,2、习惯的搭配关系,2.1词汇搭配,The formulation（确立）of the
17、 theory of relativity（相对论）by Einstein is one of the most significant events of the 20th century.,Niels Bohr,in 1913,first applied these ideas to the emission of light by atoms.,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,主,表,谓,宾,简单式,复合式,直接,间接,保留,介宾,1、分类,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,1、分类,定,状,补,同位,插入,后置,前置,位置灵活,主补,宾补,一个词的,一个句的,在主句中,在从句中,
18、西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,（1）正常位置,名词,直接跟,用逗号分开,用冒号分开,用破折号分开,用引导词或短语分开,同位语,+,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,The term“sensitivity”（灵敏度）is often used in radio engineering.,The word“radar”comes from RAdio Detection And Ranging.,译法：这个这一,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,译法：单独译成一句（一般有逗号分开时）,The rigid body（
19、刚体），a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape,is itself an idealized（理想化的）model.,We cannot sense X-rays,a form of energy similar to visible light.,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,Arithmetic（算术）,the science of numbers,is the base of mathematics.,The quiescent（静态的）dc power dissipation（功耗）in
20、this case is typically 5 nW,an extremely small figure（数字）.,The decibel（分贝）is one tenth of a bel,a unit named after Alexander Graham Bell.,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,译法：译成“也就是”或用破折号引出,The above analysis describes the steady-state（稳态）condition of a circuit,the condition that prevail（盛行；存在）after the
21、 circuit has been connected to the source for a long time.,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,This chapter examines the properties of an important nonlinear（非线性的）device,the diode rectifier（整流器）.,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,An electroacoustic（电声）transducer（传感器）,the loudspeaker（扬声器）converts audio-frequen
22、cy（音频）power into acoustic power.,（2）特殊位置,主语的同位语处于主语前（一般译成独立的一句；或译成“作为”）,同位语,，主语,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,A car noses up（车头抬起）when it accelerates（加速）,a familiar effect.,一个句子的同位语处于句子末尾（译成单独的一句）,The current density（密度）in a wire carrying alternating current（交流电）is not uniform（均匀的）over the cross sec
23、tion（横截面）of the wire but is greater near the surface,a phenomenon known as“skin effect（集肤效应）.”,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,2、同位语的位置及译法,The resistance of a wire is indirectly proportional to（反比于）the cross section,a fact that was verified（证实）experimentally by Ohm.,*This yields an increase in resistivity（电阻率）,in
24、 agreement with observations.(可看成在逗号后省去了“a fact that is”),西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,Living things too,it now seems certain,obey（遵循）the laws of physics and chemistry.,This book is,we hope,a concise（简明的）introduction to communications systems.,3、插入句（即带有主谓结构的插入语，把它去掉后不会影响句子的结构和含义）,（1）在主句中,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,1 1,
25、it was agreed,should be replaceable（可替代的）at will（随意地）by 1.,What,you may wonder,does 54/74 stand for?,Potential energy,it is true,might not affect the sense of touch（触觉）in the same way as kinetic energy（动能）would.,3、插入句,（1）在主句中,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,The machine seems to do many tasks which one would have
26、thought required intelligence（智力）.,Last year RCA demonstrated（展示）a new technique for a wall-hung TV that it was predicted would be on the consumer market“close to 1990.”,3、插入句,（2）在从句中,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,Chaplin（卓别林）was criticized for not being an American citizen（公民）and for his political views,which
27、some people thought leaned（倾向）toward communism（共产主义）.,3、插入句,（2）在从句中,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,One of the major problems which faced me in writing this book was“digesting”（消化）the vast（大量的）literature（文献）on computer-aided library systems and presenting（介绍）it in what I hope is a clear and concise manner.,3、插入句,
28、（2）在从句中,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,Technology experts have a tendency to use their knowledge as a lever（手段）to get to what they feel is the right solution（解决方案）.,3、插入句,（2）在从句中,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,In this case a resistor of say 100 ohms may be connected across C2.,3、插入句,（3）使用“say=let us say”比如说 或某些特殊的“what 从句”,W
29、ell-grounded students can absorb Chapters 4 and 5 in say three weeks.,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,The atomic number（原子序数）is equal to the number of electrons per atom or,what is equivalent,the number of protons（质子）per nucleus.,3、插入句,（3）使用“say=let us say”比如说 或某些特殊的“what 从句”,西安电子科技大学,2.2 句子成分,what is more“而且；更有甚者”what is more important“更为重要的是”what is the same thing“换个说法”what is equivalent“或者说”what amounts to the same thing“换个说法（也一样）；同样的是”,3、插入句,（3）使用“say=let us say”比如说 或某些特殊的“what 从句”,西安电子科技大学,
