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1、Radio Host:Welcome back to Talk Radio ten ninety-four.Im your host,Nancy Morales,and were talking today with Dr.Eugene Bateman,a psychologist from the National University.Good morning,Dr.Bateman.Guest:Good morning,Nancy.Thank you for having me.Radio Host:Thank you for being here.Now,your research ar
2、ea is the human fear response,or more specifically,the question of whether we learn to be afraid of certain things,or if we inherit something from our ancestors that triggers our fear.,To be continued,Listening 1,Guest:Thats right,Nancy,and were talking about our distant,distant ancestorspeople who
3、lived a long time agotens of thousands of years ago.Back then,reacting quickly to something like a,like a falling rock or a hungry lion was a good quality in a human being.It meant that he or she was more likely to survive,more likely to live long enough to have children,and more likely to pass on t
4、heir genes to their children.Radio Host:OK,but people today dont have to deal with hungry lions very often.So,what does the fear response do for us?,To be continued,Listening 1,Guest:Well,it still keeps us out of trouble and helps us to survive.Imagine that youre driving a car,and the car in front o
5、f you suddenly stops.Theres a series of events that takes place in our brains that makes our bodies reactin this case,by putting our foot on the brakesthat takes place before we even realize what is happening.It all happens much faster than our conscious thought processes.Radio Host:That sounds like
6、 a pretty useful phenomenon.Does it confirm that we do inherit our knowledge of what to fear from our ancient ancestors?Guest:Yes,and no.Some interesting experiments were conducted with monkeys that were raised in a laboratory.These monkeys had zero experience with being outdoors,right?So theythe re
7、searchersshowed the monkeys some snakes.,To be continued,Listening 1,Radio Host:And were the lab monkeys afraid of the snakes?Guest:Not at all,at leastnot at first.Then the researchers showed the monkeys videos of wild monkeys having a fearful reaction to snakes.After that,the lab monkeys became afr
8、aid of snakes too as they learned to associate the sight of a snake with a fearful reaction.Radio Host:So they learned the fear from the wild monkeys,in a sense.Guest:Thats right,but heres the interesting part.When the researchers changed the videos so that the wild monkeys appeared to be afraid of
9、flowers,the lab monkeys developed no fear of flowers at all!Radio Host:Huh.smart monkeys.,To be continued,Listening 1,Guest:Exactly,and thats where the inherited aspect of fear comes into the picture.What we inherit is a tendency to fear certain thingsthe same things our ancient ancestors feared.On
10、the other hand,we have to learn from others around us as well;otherwise,the fear response doesnt occur.Radio Host:That is very interesting.Fear seems like such a basic response.It wouldnt have occurred to me that we would need to learn it from anyone.And is it the same for people as for monkeys?Gues
11、t:It seems to be,yes,but thats exactly the question that my research is hoping to answer.Radio Host:Then I wish you luck with your research.Ladies and gentlemen,Dr.Eugene Bateman.Guest:Thank you.Thanks very much,Nancy.,Listening 1,Leo:So,did you enjoy the party?Reba:I did.It was really nice to meet
12、all of the people you work with.Theyre a big part of your life,after all.Leo:Yeah,sometimes too big a part,maybe.Reba:Oh,come on.They seem like pretty nice peopleespecially Gloria.She said“hi”to me right away.I thought she was really charming.I loved the story she told us about her car accident.That
13、 was pretty funny.Leo:Right.she can make anything seem funny.I guess all of my co-workers have their positive attributes.Reba:Like your manager.When you got a little bit upset about the food arriving late,he made sure everyone knew it wasnt Glorias fault.I mean,she may have chosen the caterer,but th
14、ey brought the food late,not her.,To be continued,Listening 2,Leo:Yeah,thats true.Hes always doing things like that.Hes a really nice guy.Hes pretty extroverted,so he likes to talk to everyone.And if somebody is feeling awkward,he says something to make them feel comfortable.Hes got great social ski
15、lls,which I guess is part of the reason why hes such a good manager.Reba:That is an important quality in a manager.But what about Toby?I tried to talk to him at one point,but he,he just walked away.It seemed like he was avoiding any kind of interaction.Is he just really shy or something?Leo:Yeah,Tob
16、y is really introverted,and I think he experiences a lot of anxiety when hes around a lot of people,especially new people.Hes really a nice guy though and a good co-worker,and hes fine with smaller groups of peoplelike when we go out for lunch together.Hes fine then.,To be continued,Listening 2,Reba
17、:I see.All in all,it was a good party.I had fun.Leo:Good,Im glad.I had fun,too.And now that youve met the people I work with,maybe we can do things with them sometimes.Reba:Yeah,should we invite some of them over for dinner some time?Leo:Well,that might be too much.But Id enjoy meeting them at a res
18、taurant for dinner or going to a soccer game together,or something like that.Reba:So,you dont want them coming to our house?Leo:You got it.Id rather keep at least a little distance between my work life and my personal life.,Listening 2,On May 6th,1856,Sigmund Freud was born in what is today the Czec
19、h Republic.And 150 years later.the man known as the founding father of psychotherapy is still generating controversy.Its the city of Vienna,where the family moved when Sigmund was a young child,thats most associated with Freud.He received his medical degree here in 1881 and began studying the human
20、brain.But over time,Freud became fascinated by something he couldnt see or touchthe human mind.In the 1890s,Freud began developing the theories behind the practice he named psychoanalysis.He believed that all human beings have an unconscious portion of the mind.In the unconscious,strong sexual and a
21、ggressive drives struggle against the minds attempts to suppress them.Freud believed that dreams were one way to look into the unconscious and to discover a persons deepest desires and,To be continued,fears.Using his own dreams and those of his patients,Freud published what is widely considered his
22、masterpiece,The Interpretation of Dreams,in 1899.In the process,he helped make psychology a hallmark of the new century.In 1938,when Freud was 81,the Nazis annexed Austria.They had already burned Freuds books in Germany,labeling them the product of Jewish science.Freud fled to England that same year
23、,and died the next autumn,on September 23rd,1939.Today,fewer than 5,000 patients in the U.S.are treated with Freuds method of psychoanalysis,a type of therapy where patients explore the workings of their unconscious over the course of five to six years.His methods as a doctor may be in decline,but a
24、s a theorist,Sigmund Freud succeeded in changing forever the way that people think about the human mind.,Assessing the Credibility of a News ArticleDo you have trouble hearing people talk at parties?Try practicing the piano before you leave the house.Thats because musiciansfrom karaoke singers to pr
25、ofessional cello playersare better able to hear targeted sounds in a noisy environment.“In the past 10 years theres been an explosion of research on music and the brain,”Aniruddh Patel,the Esther J.Burnham Senior Fellow at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego,said today at a press briefing.Most
26、recently,brain-imaging studies have shown that music activates many diverse parts of the brain,including a part of the brain that processes both music and language.Language is a natural,To be continued,Assessing the Credibility of a News Article,aspect to consider in looking at how music affects the
27、 brain,according to Patel.Patel states that,like music,language is“universal,theres a strong learning component,and it carries complex meanings”.According to study leader Nina Kraus,director of the Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory at Northwestern University in Illinois,the brains of people with even
28、 casual musical training are better able to generate the brain wave patterns associated with specific sounds,whether musical or spoken.In other words,musicians are used to“playing”sounds in their heads,so theyve trained their brains to recognize selective sound patterns,such as spoken words,even as
29、background noise goes up.,Assessing the Credibility of a News Article,Max:Whats the matter?You look like youre sad.Abigail:Im reading a newspaper.How can I look sad?Max:Im just reading your facial expression.I learned that when people experience basic emotions,like sadness or fear,you can see it in
30、their faces.Abigail:But Im Indonesian,and youre Canadian.Maybe we make different facial expressions to express the same emotions.Max:Well,thats the interesting thing.Back in the 1800s,Charles Darwin speculated that our facial expressions,like smiling when were happy,are a universal human phenomenon.
31、Abigail:So was he right?Do we all make the same facial expressions?,To be continued,Listening 1,Max:We do.Around 40 years ago,a psychologist named Paul Ekman confirmed Darwins theory.He conducted an experiment,and the results showed that people across cultures make the same facial expressions to exp
32、ress the same emotions.Abigail:So it doesnt matter which culture we come from?Max:Right.He also wondered whether the things that trigger our emotions might be universal.Abigail:Interesting.So are the things that cause our emotions the same for everyone?Max:The answer isyes,and no.Certain things are
33、universal,like a sudden movement in our field of vision triggers fear,for example.,To be continued,Listening 1,Abigail:That makes sense.A sudden movement could signal danger,so maybe we react because of our instincts.Max:Right,but some things dont trigger the same emotion.For example,one person coul
34、d associate the smell of the sea with something positive,like a vacation.Abigail:And another person might associate the smell with a sad time in their lives.Max:Exactly!Abigail:And I suppose that those emotional triggers might have to do with personality as well.Max:Youre probably right.,Listening 1
35、,If you want to clear your head after making a tough decision,research suggests that you should wash your hands.The research was conducted at the University of Michigan in the U.S.by Spike W.S.Lee and Norbert Schwarz,who asked student volunteers to participate in what they thought was a consumer sur
36、vey.The students were asked to rank 10 music CDs in order of preference.Then the researchers let them choose between the fifth and the sixth CD to take home as a gift.Once the volunteers had made a decision,they were asked to evaluate a liquid hand soap.Some students chose to evaluate the hand soap
37、by washing their hands,while others just looked at the bottle.The students who didnt wash their hands later ranked their chosen CDs higher than they had before,but students who did wash up ranked the 10 CDs in basically the same order as before.,Listening 2,To be continued,After making hard choices,
38、people would keep thinking about whether they had made a wise choice,which made them quite conflicted.They tend to justify their decisions to make themselves feel better,Lee explained.“You want to feel that you made the right choice,so you justify it by thinking about the positive features of your d
39、ecision,”he said.This process is called postdecisional dissonance.Thats why those students who didnt wash their hands kept thinking about their decisions and chose to rank their chosen CDs higher when asked to rank the 10 CDs a second time.But when the students in the research washed their hands aft
40、er making such a choice,they no longer felt a subconscious need to rationalize.The simple act of hand washing seems to“wipe away”the traces of decisions that leave a person feeling conflicted.,Listening 2,Extroverted people differ from introverted people in several ways.Extroverted people thrive on
41、interaction with others and feel energized at social gatherings such as large parties.Politicians,teachers,and business managers are often extroverted.They may be very charming in order to attract people to interact with,or they may be overly talkative and so outgoing that people become uncomfortabl
42、e around them.Extroverted people may become upset when they lack human contact on the job or in their social lives,and in more serious cases,feelings of being alone can lead to depression.In these cases,psychological counseling can give extroverted people insights into themselves and ways to manage their feelings.,Listening 3,
