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1、学术英语 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,2,EconomistJust as you cannot become a mathematician,psychologist,or lawyer overnight,learning to think like an economist will take time.However,what is the economists way of thinking?What does it mean to think like an economist?By learning this unit,you
2、will find the answers.,Unit 2Economics,Lead-inText A Text BText CListening SpeakingWriting,Unit Contents,Lead-in Who studies economics?,Unit 2Economics,Lead-in,Just as you cannot become a mathematician overnight,study economics and learn to think like an economist will take time.However who studies
3、economics?,Task 1 Listen to a talk“Who studies economics?”and complete the sentences.,Unit 2Economics,Lead-in,Unit 2Economics,1 Economics can seem _ at first,but the field is fundamentally very _.,2 Mick Jagger once studied at _.,3 When asked in 2005 why The Rolling Stones were going on tour again,M
4、ick Jagger replied,“_.”,abstract,practical,the London School of Economics,Supply and demand,Lead-in,Unit 2Economics,Task 2 Listen to the talk again and complete the following table.,Former President of the United States,Journalist,Chief Executive Officer,Microsoft,Singer for the Rolling Stones,Text
5、A,Critical reading and thinking Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose,Specialized vocabulary Collocations Formal and informal English Signpost language,Unit 2Economics,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Unit 2Economics,Text AnalysisThesis:Economics is a science.The ec
6、onomist works as a scientist.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Unit 2Economics,1 Science and scientists have its own language,e.g.math,psychology,law.Economics and economists are the same,e.g.supply,demand,elasticity,consumer surplus.2 Science and scientists use scientific method,e.g.o
7、bservation,devise theories,collect data,analyze,test,shown with the example of Isaac Newton.Economics and economists are the same;they use observation and theory,e.g.a theory of inflation.,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Unit 2Economics,Natural sciences or Social sciences?Economics is
8、 a social science.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2Economics,“The whole of science is nothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking.”(Para.4),“Science is all just about improving everyday thinking.”,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2Economics,Yet,despite this lack of realism indeed,because o
9、f this lack of realism studying these models is useful for learning how the human body works.(Para.13),Yet,although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies actually just because they are not that realistic they are useful to help people learn how the human body works.,Text A,Difficult sen
10、tences,Unit 2Economics,These models are stylized,and they omit many details.(Para.13),These models are artificial rather than realistic,and they dont take many details into consideration.,Text A,Difficult sentences,Unit 2Economics,Yet,despite this lack of realism indeed,because of this lack of reali
11、sm studying these models is useful for learning how the human body works.(Para.13),Yet,although the models are not exactly the same as real bodies actually just because they are not that realistic they are useful to help people learn how the human body works.,Specialized vocabulary,elasticity _ comp
12、arative advantage _ consumer surplus _ deadweight loss _ high inflation_ quantity of money _ long-run effects of the policy _,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,（需求等的）弹性,比较优势,消费过剩,净损失,高通胀,货币量,长期政策效应,Specialized vocabulary,经济政策制定者 _ 货币流通量 _ 供需 _ 货币政策 _,Text A,English languag
13、e for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,economic policymaker,amount of currency in circulation,supply and demand,monetary policy,Collocations,Text A,English language for academic purpose,address the subject devise/verify/refute theories collect/analyze/generate data the interplay between observation
14、and theory doubt the validity of the theory face an obstacle make do with find a substitute for simplify the complex world/reality in circulation omit details,Unit 2Economics,Signpost language,cause and effect:clue words to indicate cause and effect:because therefore the reason consequently lead to,
15、result from as a result is due to as a consequence,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,Signpost language,Signpost language to introduce the topic:The main issues addressed in this paper are This study critically examines The objective of this paper is to.The purpose of this
16、investigation is to.The aim of this paper is to.This paper reports on the results obtained,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,Signpost language,Signpost language to introduce the topic:This study was designed to.This paper argues that.The rest of this paper is organized in
17、the following way.This paper is structured as follows.The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections.This paper begins by It will then go on to Finally,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,Formal and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Uni
18、t 2Economics,1 Whenever Id visited there before,Id ended up feeling that it would be futile if I tried to do anything more.,Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing.,Every previous visit had left me with a sense of the futility of further action on my part.,Formal and infor
19、mal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,2 The cities in Switzerland had once been peaceful,but they changed when people became violent.,Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing.,Violence changed the face of once peaceful Swiss cities.,Formal
20、 and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,3 Because the technology has improved its less risky than it used to be when you install them at the same time,and it doesnt cost so much either.,Change the following sentences into a more formal style of writing.,Imp
21、rovements in technology have reduced the risks and high costs associated with simultaneous installation.,Formal and informal English,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,4 The people in the colony rejoiced when it was promised that things would change in this way.,Change the
22、following sentences into a more formal style of writing.,Opinion in the colony greeted the promised change with enthusiasm.,The tree diagram below shows how the author illustrates his points.Fill in the blanks according to the text.,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,The economist works as a(n
23、)_,Thinking like an economist,Critical reading and thinking,Using scientific methods,such as:,scientist,Using different _to answer different questions.,assumptions,Building simplified _to examinevarious economic issues.,models,Answer the following questions.,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,
24、Critical reading and thinking,1 What kind of rhetoric device does the author use in the first two paragraphs?,Analogy.,2 What is the topic sentence of Paragraph 3?,Economists try to address their subject with a scientists objectivity.,3 Why does the author quote Albert Einstein?,To support his idea
25、about the essence of science.,4 Why is Newtons theory still taught in undergraduate physics courses around the world?,Because Newtons theory is so successful at explaining observation.,Answer the following questions.,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Critical reading and thinking,5 What kind
26、of obstacles do economists face when they use theory and observation like other scientists?,It is often difficult and impossible to conduct experiments.,6 How do economists find a substitute for laboratory experiments?,They pay close attention to the natural experiments offered by history.,7 For wha
27、t reason do economists make assumptions?,Because assumptions can simplify the complex world and make it easier to understand.,8 What do economic models consist of?,They consist of diagrams and equations.,9 What do all models in physics,biology,and economics share in common?,They simplify reality to
28、improve our understanding of it.,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box.,comparative advantage consumer surplusdeadweight loss high inflationmonetary policy supply and
29、demand,1 Taxes have _ because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less.,deadweight loss,2 The tools _ of allow you to analyze many of the most important events and policies that shape the economy.,supply and demand,3 _ is a good measure of economic well-being if policymakers wan
30、t to respect the preferences of buyers.,Consumer surplus,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box.,comparative advantage consumer surplusdeadweight loss high inflationmon
31、etary policy supply and demand,4 In the 1970s,when the world experienced a relatively _,opinion polls often placed inflation as the most important issue facing the nation.,high inflation,5 It is the role of a central bank an institution designed to oversee the banking system,to carry out _,and regul
32、ate the quantity of money in the economy.,monetary policy,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 1 Specialized vocabulary,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the terms in the box.,comparative advantage consumer surplusdeadweight loss high inflationmo
33、netary policy supply and demand,comparative advantage,6 Trade can benefit everyone in society because it allows people to specialize in activities in which they have a _.,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 1 Signpost language,Complete the following sentences with the
34、correct form of the words and expressions in the above box.There may be more than one correct answer.,1 Karlins novels _ his experience in the Vietnam War.,resulted from,2 Months of secret talks with the rebels finally _ the release of the hostages.,resulted in,3 Animals have died _ of coming into c
35、ontact with this chemical.,as a consequence,4 _ we didnt consider her for the job was that she didnt have enough experience.,The reason,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 1 Signpost language,Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the words and expre
36、ssions in the above box.There may be more than one correct answer.,Consequently,7 _ of last weeks blackouts was a large power plant suddenly going offline in Northern California.,5 Most computer users have never received any formal keyboard training._ their keyboard skills are inefficient.,6 Jewish
37、weddings are both religious and civil._ two official applications for marriage are necessary.,Therefore,The cause,8 Between 1990 and 1992,there were more than 1,000 mergers in that industry all of which _ job losses.,led to,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 3 Formal
38、English,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.,1 At first,this new language may seem needlessly arcane.,secret,Key:,2 Economists try to address their subject with a scientists objectivity.,Key:,study,3 They approach the study of the economy in
39、 much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life.,Key:,deal with,4 They devise theories,collect data,and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.,Key:,invent,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Un
40、it 2Economics,Task 3 Formal English,Replace the underlined words in the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.,5 To beginners,it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science.,strange,Key:,6 Most people are not accustomed to looking at society through the eyes of a scientist
41、.,Key:,used,7 This observation motivated Newton to develop a theory of gravity that applies not only to an apple falling to the earth but to any two objects in the universe.,Key:,drove,Language building-up,Text A,Suggested answers,Unit 2Economics,Task 3 Formal English,Replace the underlined words in
42、 the following sentences with the ones that are more daily-life.,8 By contrast,economists studying inflation are not allowed to manipulate a nations monetary policy simply to generate useful data.,control,Key:,10 And this opportunity persists long after the wartime increase in oil prices is over.,Ke
43、y:,continues to exist,9 For consumers of oil and oil products,such an event depresses living standards.,Key:,reduces,Text B,Lead in Key terms Critical reading Difficult sentences English language for academic purpose,Unit 2Economics,Text B,Reading critically:questions for discussion,Unit 2Economics,
44、Discuss the following questions:Life is regarded as a game.Do you agree?Why or why not?,Lead-in,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2Economics,Game theory:the modeling of economic decisions by games whose outcome depends on the decisions taken by two or more agents,each having to make decisions without informatio
45、n on what choices the others are making.,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2Economics,Competitive strategies(竞争策略):unbeatable strategies used in the context of the fact that everyone else is also looking for them.E.g.cooperation,or everybody playing the same way;behave differently from one another,Text B,Key te
46、rms,Unit 2Economics,Evolutionarily stable strategies(ESS)(进化稳定策略):a strategy which,if adopted by a population of players,cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare.An ESS is an equilibrium refinement of the Nash equilibrium.,Text B,Key terms,Unit 2Economics,Rational human c
47、hoice:people will adjust their behavior in order to maximize their gains.,Nash equilibrium:纳什均衡a solution concept of a game involving two or more players,in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players,also no player has anything to gain by changing only his o
48、wn strategy unilaterally.,Text B,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 2Economics,Comparison between the two schools of researchers,Text B,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 2Economics,Dr Kurzban&Dr.Housers study,They call the economists assumption into question.Their new assumption:it may be fruitful
49、to work with the idea that human behavior,can sometimes be governed by evolutionarily stable strategies.,Text B,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 2Economics,Making an experiment:,Public-goods game 公共物品博弈a standard of experimental economics;in the basic game subjects secretly choose how many of thei
50、r private tokens to put into the public pot.Each subject keeps the tokens they do not contribute plus an even split of the tokens in the pot.Methods(see page 35,Para 4):four players;interacted via a computer;virtual tokens redeemable for money,Text B,Critical reading and thinking,Unit 2Economics,Mak
