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1、科技文献阅读与翻译,Scientific Literature Reading&Translation,主讲人：许宁云 博士 副教授,公共邮箱：,Course Objectives:,1)The course aims to provide the students with comprehensive information about practical literature and documentation,help them better understand the basic features and language requirements of various docume
2、ntation,and further develop their ability of information acquisition.2)Another aim of the course is to let the students acquire overall knowledge and skills of translation,so as to enable them to translate professional materials appropriately from English to Chinese and vice versa.,Contents,The cour
3、se consists of 15 units,covering almost all the major aspects of industrial business and academic exchanges,etc.,Course Assessment,Final grade will be given on the basis of:1)each students attendance and the participation in classroom activities;2)the unit assignments3)the final examination of readi
4、ng comprehension and translation practice.,Recommended/Optional Textbooks,1、文献阅读与翻译，胡庚生主编，北京：高等教育出版社，2000.2、实用翻译教程(英汉互译)，冯庆华主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002.3、英汉翻译教程，张培基主编，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1980.,Unit I General Description of Literature Reading and Translation,Topical HighlightsDefinition of LiteratureClassification
5、 of LiteratureLinguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureTranslation Skills-on translation in general and translation of special literatureSpecial Attention:The Translation of Documentation,Definition of Literature,A set of works on a particular subject;printed material,esp.giving information;the b
6、ody of writings on a particular subject(scientific literature),Classification of Literature,TextbooksMonographsPapersEncyclopediasPeriodicalsSpecial Documentation,Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature,StylisticallyGrammatically MorphologicallyNon-verbal,Translation Skills-on translation in ge
7、neral and translation of special literature,1.Nature and Scope of TranslationWhat is translation?Translation is the interpretation of the meaning of a text in one language(the“source text”)and the production,in another language,of an equivalent text(the“target text”,or“translation”)that communicates
8、 the same message.,Eugene A.Nida(1914-)尤金 奈达,Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language(接受语，译语）the closest natural equivalent of the source language（原语、源语）,first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.Dynamic-Equivalence Theorybaptism of repentance,repent and be baptize
9、d,Alexander Fraser Tytler,A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.以上是英国著名翻译理论家泰特勒(1747-1814)于18世纪末在论翻译的
10、原则Essay on the Principles of Translation(1791)一书中提出的关于翻译和评判翻译标准的三条基本原则。,2.Principles or Criteria of Translation,严复：信、达、雅 faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“three character guide”is regarded as a plumb-line of long standing to measure the professional level of translating.不爱红妆爱武装 face the powde
11、r and not to powder the face.,3.Literal Translation and Free Translation,Literal Translation:phonetic,morphological,syntactic武装到牙齿armed to the teeth象牙塔”ivory tower趁热打铁strike while the iron is hot血浓于水Blood is thicker than water鳄鱼的眼泪crocodiles tears,芳芳、白象Fangfang white elephant,Free Translationas timi
12、d as a hare 胆小如鼠 wet like a drown rat 湿如落汤鸡as stupid as a goose 蠢得像猪as stubborn as a mule 犟得像牛talk horse 吹牛 drink like a fish 牛饮,Adams appleAt sixes and sevensIt rains cats and dogs.Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.Do you see any green in my eye?,“literal”doesnt mean“word-for-word”,街道妇女应动员起来
13、打扫卫生。Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹She got up early,went to the town and saw her public father.句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish小鱼不吃大鱼胳膊拧不过大腿,“free”doesnt mean“casual”,It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good
14、 fortune must be in want of a wife.Spring,the sweet spring is the years pleasant king.T.Nash春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。郭沫若,Literal Translation or Free Translation?,Dont take the low-fat label as a license to eat.不能因为食品标明低脂肪，而敞开食用。别把标有“低脂肪”的标签看成是可“敞开食用”的许可证。,What principles should a translator abide by in applyi
15、ng literal and free translation?,4.Translation Techniques,Diction(选词用字）Amplification（增益）Omission（省略）Repetition（重复）Conversion（转换）Rearrangement（词序调整）Negation（正说反译、反说正译）Division（长句拆译）,Special Attention:The Translation of Documentation,Treat the translation of each kind of documentary works discriminati
16、ngly.StandardsStrict wording,stylistic formalityPatent documentsStereotyped expression,formal patterns,TrademarksNovelty,uniquenessCopyright worksRigid grammarLegal documents,contract,agreementsStrict grammar,syntax,Proposals,reportsThe matter-of-fact attitudeGeneral knowledge and knowledge of the s
17、ubject matter,Practice,It was the best of times,it was the worst of times,it was the age of wisdom,it was the age of foolishness,it was the epoch of belief,it was the epoch of incredulity,it was the season of Light,it was the season of Darkness,it was the spring of hope,it was the winter of despair,
18、we had everything before us,we had nothing before us,we were all going direct to Heaven,we were all going direct the other.,A greeting card can warm a heart,hold a hand,lend an ear,pat a back,light up a face,tickle a funny bone,dry an eye,surprise a child,caress a sweetheart,toast a bride,welcome a
19、stranger,wave a goodbye,shout a bravo,blow a kiss,mend a quarrel,ease a pain,boost a morale,stop a worry and start a tradition.,As an important means for preserving knowledge,various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind,which have greatly contributed to the social progress of h
20、uman race.Professional literatures have been regarded as intangible assets of the whole world because they are,on one hand,the summary,generalization,and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies,and on the other hand,they have been accumulated and hande
21、d down from generation to generation.In this sense,therefore,all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements,and crystallization of human civilization.,As an important means for preserving knowledge,various literatures have become precious resources for t
22、he mankind,which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race.,Professional literatures have been regarded as intangible assets of the whole world because they are,on one hand,the summary,generalization,and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences
23、 or studies,and on the other hand,they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation.In this sense,therefore,all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements,and crystallization of human civilization.,Unit 2 Standards,Linguistic featu
24、res of“standard”,1)Formatted Structure2)Formal Wording3)Legal Term“shall”4)Frequent Use of Abbreviations5)Mixed with Drawings and Tables,Standard,in relation to computers,is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software developme
25、nt.Computer standards have traditionally developed in either of two ways.The first,a highly informal process,occurs when a product or philosophy is developed by a single company and,through success and imitation,becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or lim
26、its marketability.This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs.The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods,appr
27、oaches,and technological trends and developments.The proposed standards are later ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market.Standards of this more formal type are numerous,in
28、cluding the ASCII character set,the RS-232-C standard,the SCSI interface,and ANSI-standard programming languages,such as C and FORTRAN.,Reflections and Practice,1.Topics for group discussion1)What does the passage tell us about?2)What is the de facto standard setting?2.Fill in each space with one pr
29、oper word.,Standard,in relation computers,is a set of detailed technical guidelines used as a of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development.Computer standards have traditionally developed in of two ways.The first,a highly informal process,occurs when a product or philosop
30、hy is developed by a single company and,through success and imitation,becomes widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability.This type of de facto standard setting is typified by such products Hayes modems and IBM PCs.The second type of standard settin
31、g is a far more formal process which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods,approaches,and technological trends and developments.The proposed standards are later ratified or by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by
32、 consensus products based on the standards become increasingly prevalent in the market.Standards of this more formal type are numerous,including the ASCII character set,the RS-232-C standard,the SCSI interface,and ANSI-standard programming languages,such as C and FORTRAN.,Translation Skills,Diction
33、用字遣词marital status;immigration status;cognitive status;social statusTension is building up.形势紧张起来张力在增大电压在增加压力在增强,Some Techniques Employed in Translating a Given English Word,1)DeductionStopout n.(U.S.)A student who interrupts his education to pursue some other activity for a brief period.辍学学生Challen
34、ge To question the lawfulness or rightness of(sth.Or sb.)对表示怀疑，质疑；对提出异议,2）TransplantSupermarketMicrowaveSplashdown3)ExtensionBottleneckIt is more than transient everydayness.远非一时的柴米油盐问题。日常状态-柴米油盐,4）SubstitutionTo kill sb.as an example杀一儆百5）ExplanationMindlessness思想上的浑浊状态A throwaway society一个大手大脚、浪费成
35、风的社会,6)CombinationSo subtle and careful an observer一位如此精细的观察者A grim and tragic Christmas一个惨淡的圣诞节7）Pictographic TranslationH-beam 工字梁O-ring 环形圈U-steel 槽钢V-belt 三角皮带,8）TransliterationWall StreetPentiumClone,Translate the Passage,Standard,in relation to computers,is a set of detailed technical guidelin
36、es used as a means of establishing uniformity in an area of hardware or software development.对于计算机来说，标准即是一套详尽的技术指标。它作为一种手段，用来在硬件或软件开发领域建立起统一的模式。,Computer standards have traditionally developed in either of two ways.The first,a highly informal process,occurs when a product or philosophy is developed
37、by a single company and,through success and imitation,becomes so widely used that deviation from the norm causes compatibility problems or limits marketability.,从传统观点来看，计算机标准从两个方面分别得到了发展。第一类，它作为一种极其非正式的工艺过程，出现在个别公司生产某种产品或形成某种理念的时候。由于它的成功和模仿，其标准得到了广泛的利用，其结果是任何背离该标准的行为都会造成兼容性方面的问题，影响其市场销售。,This type o
38、f de facto standard setting is typified by such products as Hayes modems and IBM PCs.The second type of standard setting is a far more formal process in which specifications are drafted by a cooperative group or committee after an intensive study of existing methods,approaches,and technological tren
39、ds and developments.,这种事实上的标准设置在诸如Hayes调制解调器和IBMPCs之类的产品上最具有典型性。标准设置的第二种类型是一种要正式得多的过程。在该过程中，由一个合作小组或委员会对现有的各种方法、技术发展及趋势等方面进行仔细研究之后，草拟出一套详细的规格。,The proposed standards are later ratified or approved by a recognized organization and are adopted over time by consensus as products based on the standards
40、become increasingly prevalent in the market.Standards of this more formal type are numerous,including the ASCII character set,the RS-232-C standard,the SCSI interface,and ANSI-standard programming languages,such as C and FORTRAN.,随后，所提出的标准由公认的机构批准或认可，随着依照标准生产出来的产品在市场上日益流行，逐渐为公众所一致接受。这种更为正式的标准类型为数众多，
41、包括ASCII 字符集，RS-232-C 标准、SCSI 接口，以及诸如C语言和FORTRAN 语言之类的ANSI-标准编程语言。,Unit 3 Patents,Questions,1.What does this passage mainly talk about?2.Why should patented articles be marked with patent number?3.What does“patent pending”mean?4.What can be found in an issued patent?,Translation Skill:Amplification,=
42、additionA matter of principle:Add/subtract meaning,1.Supplying omitted words to convey the original meaning,（1）Matter can be changed into energy,and energy into matter.物质可以转化为能，能也可以转化为物质。（2）The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.最好的导体电阻最小，最差的导体电阻最大。,2.Supplying nece
43、ssary connectives,（1）Heated,water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会气化。（2）However carefully boiler casings and steam pipes are sealed,some heat escapes and is lost.尽管锅炉壳与蒸汽管严密封闭，还是有一部分热会损耗掉。,3.Supplying words to convey the concept of plural nouns,（1）Note that the words“velocity”and“speed”require explana
44、tion.请注意，“速度”和“速率”这两个词需要解释。（2）The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。,4.Supplying words to make an abstract concept clear,(1)Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。（2）This lack of resistance in very cold metals may become useful in electro
45、nic computers.这种在甚低温金属中没有电阻的现象可能对计算机很有好处。,5.Dictated by logic,(1)Air pressure decreases with altitude.气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。（2）This shows that the resistance of an electric conductor is inversely proportional to its cross-section area.这表明，导体电阻的大小与导体横切面的大小成反比。,6.Supplying words of generalization,(1)The thesi
46、s summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.论文总结了计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。（2）The principal functions that may be performed by vacuum tubes are rectification,amplification,oscillation,modulation,and detection.真空管的五大主要功能是：整流、放大、振荡、调制和检波。,7.For purposes of
47、rhetoric or coherence,(1)This computer is indeed cheap and fine.这台电脑真是价廉物美。（2）Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere,generating winds.太阳发出的热能搅动大气，于是产生了风。,8.Repetition,(1)Avoid using this computer in extreme cold,heat,dust or humidity.不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此计算机。（2）I had experienced oxygen and/or
48、 engine trouble.我曾经遇到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。,Amplification used in Chinese-English Translation,1.Adding necessary connectives虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.2.Adding necessary pronouns交出译文之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。Before handing in your translation,
49、you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything in it to be corrected or improved.,3.Adding necessary background information to make the English version clear三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the master mind.,Translation practice,1.Put the fol
50、lowing sentences into Chinese,using the technique of amplification,Histories make men wise;poets witty;mathematics subtle;natural philosophy deep;moral grave;logic and rhetoric able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善变。,2.Put the following passage into Chinese,Our present inventi
