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1、Understanding Text Structures,What is a text structure?,A“structure”is a building or framework“Text structure”refers to how a piece of text is built,What is a text structure?,Builders can use different kinds of structures to build different thingsA skyscraper,for example,is a different kind of struc
2、ture from a house,What is a text structure?,Writers use different structures to build their ideasEach text structure communicates ideas in a different way,Chronological order,Authors use chronological order to explain how things happen in orderChronological order is also called sequence or time orde
3、r,Chronological order,You will know that you are reading a text in chronological order because you will see words like first,next,later,then,and finally,Chronological order,You will often see chronological order in directions:Have you ever made macaroni and cheese?Its simple!First,boil some water an
4、d make some macaroni.Then,make your cheese sauce.After the cheese sauce is ready,mix it with the macaroni.Bake the entire thing in the oven.Finally,its time to eat!,Chronological order,You will often see chronological order in directions:Have you ever made macaroni and cheese?Its simple!First,boil s
5、ome water and make some macaroni.Then,make your cheese sauce.After the cheese sauce is ready,mix it with the macaroni.Bake the entire thing in the oven.Finally,its time to eat!,Which paragraph is in chronological order?,Pennsylvania has many historic sites.You can visit Revolutionary war sites,like
6、Valley Forge.You can also visit important locations from the Civil War,like Gettysburg.Finally,you can also see the site of the first oil well in Titusville.Pennsylvania has many neat places to visit!,Through the ages,Pennsylvania has seen many interesting events.The state was founded in 1681 by Wil
7、liam Penn.Later,Pennsylvania was the site of important Revolutionary War battles.After that,Pennsylvania was home to new factories during the Industrial Revolution.Today,Pennsylvania continues to make history.,Which paragraph is in chronological order?,Through the ages,Pennsylvania has seen many int
8、eresting events.The state was founded in 1681 by William Penn.Later,Pennsylvania was the site of important Revolutionary War battles.After that,Pennsylvania was home to new factories during the Industrial Revolution.Today,Pennsylvania continues to make history.,This is the paragraph in chronological
9、 order.Can you find the clue words that show this order?,Which paragraph is in chronological order?,Through the ages,Pennsylvania has seen many interesting events.The state was founded in 1681 by William Penn.Later,Pennsylvania was the site of important Revolutionary War battles.After that,Pennsylva
10、nia was home to new factories during the Industrial Revolution.Today,Pennsylvania continues to make history.,This is the paragraph in chronological order.Can you find the clue words that show this order?,Think about it!,What is a structure?What does chronological order mean?What are some clue words
11、that show chronological order?,Another text structure,But what if an author doesnt want to show how something happened in sequence?The author would need to use another text structure!,Another text structure,Suppose an author wanted to explain how these two birds are similar and differentChronologica
12、l order wouldnt work-there is no order of eventsThe author would need to use compare and contrast,Another text structure,The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two common birds.Both have crests on their heads.Both are common at birdfeeders.But the birds have some differences.The male cardinal is a b
13、right red,while the waxwing is brown.The cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place.On the other hand,the cardinal stays in one place year after year.,Compare and contrast clue words,When authors use the text structure of compare and contrast,they often use special clue words to show this text
14、 structure.Can you find the clue words in the paragraph?,Can you find the clue words?,The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two common birds.Both have crests on their heads.Both are common at birdfeeders.But the birds have some differences.The male cardinal is a bright red,while the waxwing is brow
15、n.The cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place.On the other hand,the cardinal stays in one place year after year.,Here they are!,The cardinal and the cedar waxwing are two common birds.Both have crests on their heads.Both are common at birdfeeders.But the birds have some differences.The male
16、 cardinal is a bright red,while the waxwing is brown.The cedar waxwing often migrates from place to place.On the other hand,the cardinal stays in one place year after year.,Compare and contrast graphic organizer,To organize details from a paragraph in compare and contrast,use a Venn diagram,Review,C
17、an you explain the difference between chronological order and compare and contrast?How can clue words help you as a reader?,Another text structure,Sometimes,a writer will want to explain how one event leads to anotherThis kind of text structure is called cause and effect,Cause and effect clue words,
18、When authors write paragraphs to show causes and effects,they use words like cause,effect,as a result,consequently,and so,Can you find the clue words?,The nights snowstorm had many effects.People were out shoveling snow from their sidewalks.The power lines were draped with ice.Snow plows drove down
19、every street.Children were the happiest of all.The unexpected snow caused school to be cancelled!,Can you find the clue words?,The nights snowstorm had many effects.People were out shoveling snow from their sidewalks.The power lines were draped with ice.Snow plows drove down every street.Children we
20、re the happiest of all.The unexpected snow caused school to be cancelled!,More with cause and effect,Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their nests.They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing.As a result,baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatu
21、res!,More with cause and effect,Baby painted turtles spend all winter in their nests.They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing.As a result,baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures!,This is the cause,More with cause and effect,Baby painted turtle
22、s spend all winter in their nests.They have special chemicals in their blood that can keep their blood from freezing.As a result,baby painted turtles can survive freezing temperatures!,This is the effect,Review,Which text structure tells about how things are similar and different?Compare and contras
23、tWhich text structure explains how things happen in time order?Chronological order,Another kind of text structure,Sometimes,an author will want to explain a problem,and then show one or more solutionsThis kind of text structure is called problem and solution,An example of problem and solution,Park S
24、chool had a terrible problem.Every day at recess,students would argue over the slides.Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments.Finally,one teacher came up with a great solution.They bought another set of slides that everyone could enjoy.,An example of problem and solution,Pa
25、rk School had a terrible problem.Every day at recess,students would argue over the slides.Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments.Finally,one teacher came up with a great solution.They bought another set of slides that everyone could enjoy.,Can you find the problem and the
26、solution in this paragraph?,An example of problem and solution,Park School had a terrible problem.Every day at recess,students would argue over the slides.Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments.Finally,one teacher came up with a great solution.They bought another set of sl
27、ides that everyone could enjoy.,Here is the problem,An example of problem and solution,Park School had a terrible problem.Every day at recess,students would argue over the slides.Teachers had to spend time every day taking care of the arguments.Finally,one teacher came up with a great solution.They
28、bought another set of slides that everyone could enjoy.,Here is the problem,Here is the solution,Of course,problem and solution is not always so simple,Often,authors will signal problem and solution structure with clue words like problem and solution,just like in the last paragraphSometimes,authors
29、will use related words,Of course,problem and solution is not always so simple,Synonyms for problem include difficulty,struggle,uncertainty,worry,threat,and troubleSynonyms for solution include possibility,hope,bright spot,answer,and future,A more difficult problem and solution paragraph,The Chesapea
30、ke Bay faces an uncertain future.Issues such as pesticides,too many nutrients,and habitat loss all threaten the Bays water quality and animal life.However,scientists are hopeful that the future may be brighter.If everyone in the Chesapeake Bay watershed works together,solutions may be found.,A more
31、difficult problem and solution paragraph,The Chesapeake Bay faces an uncertain future.Issues such as pesticides,too many nutrients,and habitat loss all threaten the Bays water quality and animal life.However,scientists are hopeful that the future may be brighter.If everyone in the Chesapeake Bay wat
32、ershed works together,solutions may be found.,What is the problem?What is the solution?,A more difficult problem and solution paragraph,The Chesapeake Bay faces an uncertain future.Issues such as pesticides,too many nutrients,and habitat loss all threaten the Bays water quality and animal life.Howev
33、er,scientists are hopeful that the future may be brighter.If everyone in the Chesapeake Bay watershed works together,solutions may be found.,Problem Solution,Text structures weve learned so far,Chronological orderCompare and contrastCause and effectProblem and solution,Match the clue words!,however,
34、on the other hand,similarity,like,unlike,Can you figure out the text structure that these clue words point to?,Compare and contrast,Match the clue words!,as a result,consequently,therefore,so,cause,effect,Can you figure out the text structure that these clue words point to?,Cause and effect,Match th
35、e clue words!,problem,solution,threat,difficulty,hope,answer,possibility,Can you figure out the text structure that these clue words point to?,Problem and solution,Are there any other text structures?,Most paragraphs that we write in school can be called main idea,description,or statement and suppor
36、t paragraphs,Main idea paragraphs,In this kind of paragraph,the author offers a main idea statement,and then supports that statement with several details,Main idea paragraphs,The pond was a beautiful place to visit.The falling leaves,all different colors,decorated the surface of the water.At the edg
37、es of the pond,small wildflowers grew.The golden forest glowed faintly in the distance.,Main idea paragraphs,The pond was a beautiful place to visit.The falling leaves,all different colors,decorated the surface of the water.At the edges of the pond,small wildflowers grew.The golden forest glowed fai
38、ntly in the distance.,Main idea,Main idea paragraphs,The pond was a beautiful place to visit.The falling leaves,all different colors,decorated the surface of the water.At the edges of the pond,small wildflowers grew.The golden forest glowed faintly in the distance.,Main idea,All of the other sentenc
39、es explain why the main idea is true,Main idea paragraphs,Clue words in these paragraphs may include:One reason,another reason,and for example,Now its your turn!,On the next few slides,you will read some paragraphs about the Great Chicago FireYour task is to decide on the text structure for each one
40、Understanding the text structure will help you to understand each paragraph,Whats the text structure?,Chronological orderCompare and contrastCause and effectProblem and solutionMain idea,Daniel Sullivan was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8.A p
41、roblem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire department.By 9:30 pm,the entire block was blazing.In another 3 hours,there were fires all over Chicago.The heavy wind coming from the lake only made the fire bigger.It would be another day before the fire w
42、ould be completely out.By that time,17,500 buildings had been burned.,Whats the text structure?,Chronological orderCompare and contrastProblem and solution,Daniel Sullivan was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8.A problem with the alarm box made
43、it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire department.By 9:30 pm,the entire block was blazing.In another 3 hours,there were fires all over Chicago.The heavy wind coming from the lake only made the fire bigger.It would be another day before the fire would be completely out.By that
44、time,17,500 buildings had been burned.,Whats the text structure?,Chronological order,Daniel Sullivan was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8.A problem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire departmen
45、t.By 9:30 pm,the entire block was blazing.In another 3 hours,there were fires all over Chicago.The heavy wind coming from the lake only made the fire bigger.It would be another day before the fire would be completely out.By that time,17,500 buildings had been burned.,Whats the text structure?,Chrono
46、logical order,Daniel Sullivan was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8.A problem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire department.By 9:30 pm,the entire block was blazing.In another 3 hours,there were
47、 fires all over Chicago.The heavy wind coming from the lake only made the fire bigger.It would be another day before the fire would be completely out.By that time,17,500 buildings had been burned.,Whats the text structure?,Chronological orderNotice how the paragraph shows how events happen in time o
48、rder,Daniel Sullivan was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8.A problem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire department.By 9:30 pm,the entire block was blazing.In another 3 hours,there were fires al
49、l over Chicago.The heavy wind coming from the lake only made the fire bigger.It would be another day before the fire would be completely out.By that time,17,500 buildings had been burned.,Whats the text structure?,Understanding that this text is written in chronological order can help you to underst
50、and how the Great Fire started,Daniel Sullivan was the first to notice the flames coming from the OLeary barn at around 8:30 pm on October 8.A problem with the alarm box made it impossible for the people in the area to call for the fire department.By 9:30 pm,the entire block was blazing.In another 3
