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1、考研英语一阅读理解真题 考研英语一阅读理解真题1Text 1Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?Dont dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs are at high risk of being a
2、utomated, according to a University of Oxford study, with the middle class disproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care dont appeal to robots. But many middle-class occupations-trucking, financial advice, software engineering have aroused their interest, or soon will. Th
3、e rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isnt to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didnt go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards an
4、d created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and A
5、ndrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age, should be rethinking education and job training. Curriculums from grammar school to college- should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-
6、solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable. Professionals trying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation u
7、nderlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines. The best uses of 3D printers and virtual real
8、ity havent been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as
9、the earned income tax credit should be expanded: This would boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers
10、 upended by automation. Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21.Who will be most threatened by automation?A Leading politicians.BLow-wage laborers.CRobot owners.DMiddle-class workers.22 .Which of the following be
11、st represent the authors view?A Worries about automation are in fact groundless.BOptimists opinions on new tech find little support.CIssues arising from automation need to be tackledDNegative consequences of new tech can be avoided23.Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis onA cr
12、eative potential.Bjob-hunting skills.Cindividual needs.Dcooperative spirit.24.The author suggests that tax policies be aimed atA encouraging the development of automation.Bincreasing the return on capital investment.Ceasing the hostility between rich and poor.Dpreventing the income gap from widening
13、.25.In this text, the author presents a problem withA opposing views on it.Bpossible solutions to it.Cits alarming impacts.Dits major variations.考研英语一阅读理解真题2Text 1The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world
14、ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 20XX. For the most part， the response has been favorable， to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini， a sober-sided classical-music critic.One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise， however， is that Gilbe
15、rt is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini， who had advocated Gilberts appointment in the Times， calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gus
16、tav Mahler and Pierre Boulez， that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise.For my part， I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure， he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions， but it is not necessary for me to
17、 visit Avery Fisher Hall， or anywhere else， to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf， or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes.Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the
18、point. For the time， attention， and money of the art-loving public， classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses， dance troupes， theater companies， and museums， but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. There recordings are ch
19、eap， available everywhere， and very often much higher in artistic quality than todays live performances; moreover， they can be “consumed” at a time and place of the listeners choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditiona
20、l classical concert.One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilberts own interest in new music has been widely noted： Alex Ross， a classical-music critic， has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmo
21、nic into “a markedly different， more vibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestras repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed， they must first change the relationship between Americas oldest orchestra and the
22、 new audience it hops to attract.21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilberts appointment hasAincurred criticism.Braised suspicion.Creceived acclaim.Daroused curiosity.22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who isAinfluential.Bmodest.Crespectable.Dtalented.23. The author believes that the devoted conc
23、ertgoersAignore the expenses of live performances.Breject most kinds of recorded performances.Cexaggerate the variety of live performances.Doverestimate the value of live performances.24. According to the text， which of the following is true of recordings?AThey are often inferior to live concerts in
24、 quality.BThey are easily accessible to the general public.CThey help improve the quality of music.DThey have only covered masterpieces.25. Regarding Gilberts role in revitalizing the Philharmonic， the author feelsAdoubtful.Benthusiastic.Cconfident.Dpuzzled.考研英语一阅读理解真题3Text 1In the 20XX film version
25、 of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her, Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the b
26、argain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would described in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in tec
27、hnology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,HM, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as dispos
28、able-meant to last only a wash or two, although they dont advertise that and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this r
29、evolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For HM to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion
30、worlds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year about 64 items per person and no m
31、atter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 20XX has made all of her own clothes and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her
32、 craft; her example cant be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment including HM, with its green Conscious Collection line Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism commo
33、n to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill.B insensitivity to fashion.C obsession with high fashion.D lack
34、of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste.B shut out the feverish fashion world.C resist the influence of advertisements.D shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusatio
35、n.B enthusiasm.C indifference.D tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments.D Pricing is vital to environment-frie
36、ndly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.考研英语一阅读理解真题4Text 1In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Orbome,
37、Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit-and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more
38、reasonable?More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed. “Were doing these things because we know they help people say off benefits and help those on
39、 benefits get into work faster” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsides laziness. Wh
40、at motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness”-protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits.Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart, delighted
41、 at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; y
42、ou are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job.But in Osborneland, your first instin
43、ct is to fall into dependency permanent dependency if you can get it supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that
44、you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseekers allowance” invented in 1996 is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no mandatory right to a benefit he or she has earned through m
45、aking national insurance contributions.Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance,” conditional on actively seeking a job; no entitlement and no insurance, at ?71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU.21.George Osbornes scheme was intended toAprovide the unemployed with easier
46、 access to benefits.Bencourage jobseekers active engagement in job seeking.Cmotivate the unemployed to report voluntarily.Dguarantee jobseekers legitimate right to benefits.22.The phrase “to sign on”(Line 3,Para.2) most probably meansAto check on the availability of jobs at the jobcentre.Bto accept
47、the governments restrictions on the allowance.Cto register for an allowance from the government.Dto attend a governmental job-training program.23.What promoted the chancellor to develop his scheme?AA desire to secure a better life for all.BAn eagerness to protect the unemployed.CAn urge to be generous to the claimants.DA passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers.24.According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one one feelAuneasy.Benraged.Cinsulted.Dguilty.25.To which of the following wou
