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1、Narration,Definition:To narrate is to give an account of an event or series of events.In its broadest sense,narrative includes stories,real or imaginary,biographies,histories,news items,and narrative poems.Narrative often goes hand in hand with description.When one tells a story,one describes its se
2、tting and characters.On the other hand,accounts of actions may be necessary to the description of a person or a scene.When we plan a narrative,we should consider five aspects：purposes,selection of details,context,organization,and point of view.,Structure Analysis,Title:Fresh StartMain Idea:The text
3、told the authors experience that she made lots of mistakes,such as going into the wrong classroom,falling down in the cafeteria,and dining alone on junk food when she was as a fresh man in college,and she understood what was true meaning about college life.I.(para1):How I felt the first day on campu
4、s after my parents had left.II.(para2-7):I made a lot of mistakes and what was my reactions.A.sitting in the wrong class B.falling down in the cafeteria,so I just ate junk food instead of eating in cafeteria.III.(para8)A football player made the same mistake as I did,but he showed a different reacti
5、on.IV.(para9-12)Through making mistakes,I understood the true meaning of college life.A.A malicious attempt to embarrass a native freshman was just moment of college fun.B.I should act my way and become myself.,Ways of Developing,This text is a narration of what the writer experienced during her fir
6、st few days at college.Following the development of time,the writer makes the series of events:her parents leaving her all by herself in the parking lot,noticing the football player on her way to the dorm,going into the wrong classroom,falling down in the cafeteria,dining alone on junk food,and witn
7、essing the football player falling down in the cafeteria.After she experienced these events,she eventually understood what was true meaning of college life and how to arrange her life.,There are many words in chronological order:the next morning in third paragraphafter class in sixth paragraph for t
8、hree days in eighth paragraphthree years after graduation in fourteenth,Transitional Sentences and Conjunctions,The last sentence in first paragraph:My plan was to keep my ears open and my mouth shut and hope no one would notice I was a freshman.The first sentence in second paragraph:With that thoug
9、ht in mind,I raised my head,squared my shoulders,and set out in the direction of my dorm,glancing(and then ever so discreetly)at the campus map clutched in my hand.“That”refers to“my plan”.It makes a comparison between first paragraph and second paragraph.,sentence,Adding to my distress was the dist
10、inct impression that everyone on campus was watching me.It meant what made me more upset was the fact that I knew everyone else on campus was watching me.I settled into my chair and tried to assume the scientific pose of a biology major,blending slightly forward,tensing my arms in preparation for fu
11、rious note taking,and cursing under my breath.It meant that I sat back in my chair and tried to take on the scientific look of a student majoring in biology.I bent my body forward,prepared my arms to work hard at taking notes,and at the same time cursed my bad luck secretly.,Exposition,Definition:Ex
12、position is a type of oral or written discourse that explains,clarifies,defines,or instructs.When doing expository writing,the writer cannot assume that the reader or listener has prior knowledge or understanding of the topic that is being discussed.Instead,he is expected to teach,inform,reveal and/
13、or amplify ideas and knowledge.,Structure Analysis,Title:Focus on Global WarmingMain Idea:The article tells about the elements of global warming,the result of global warming,and the actions to slow down global warming.(1-2)An introduction in which the author tells the reason why people are now incre
14、asingly concerned about the global warming problems.A:The climate has begun to show some signs of warming.B:Global warming may be the single largest threat to our planet.(3-7)Our warming planet changes gradually.A:Human raise the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere artificially.1.Peo
15、ple release endless carbon dioxide,methane and nitrogen oxide.2.Greenhouse gases trap excess heat in the Earths atmosphere.B:Surface temperature of the Earth has risen.1.Sea level is rising.2.The worlds continent glaciers are in a steady recession.3.Human health is concerned.(8-11)People can take ac
16、tions to slow down global warming.A:People can curb consumption of fossil fuels.B:Reducing our vulnerability to global warming through careful planning and other strategies.C:Advocating policies that will combat global warming over the long term.D:Everyone should work together to make a real differe
17、nce.,Ways of Developing,In this article,the first paragraph is developed by time.At the beginning of the paragraph,the author says“Twenty-five years ago.”and then he says“As an internet search on global warming now attests.”At the same time,“Twenty-five years ago.now.”also shows this paragraph is de
18、veloped by contrast.In paragraph four,the sentence“In essence,these gases are trapping excess heat in the Earths atmosphere in much the same way that a windshield traps solar energy that enters a car.”is developed by comparison.,In paragraph six,the sentence“Not surprisingly,many scientists speculat
19、e that such changes in the climate will probably result in hotter days and fewer cool days.”is developed by cause and effect.,Transitional Sentences and Conjunctions,The transitional sentence of the first and second paragraph is“Perhaps all this attention is deserved”.The transitional sentence of th
20、e fourth and fifth paragraph is“Much of the available climate data appear to back these fears”.The conjunction of paragraph seven and eight is“Fortunately”.The transitional sentence of the paragraph nine and ten is“But we cant stop there.”,Words,In the first paragraph,I dont understand the meaning o
21、f the word“spewed”,but I can guess it meaning by the whole sentence:“For decades human factories and cars have spewed billions of tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere,and the climate has begun to show some signs of warming.”According to“human factories”,“cars”,“greenhouse gases”,I guess the
22、meaning of the word“spewed”is similar with the meaning of the word“gush”or“spit out”.In the paragraph eight,I guess the meaning of“curb”according to the context.This paragraph tells people to take actions to slow down global warming.From sentence:“To reduce the emission of heat-trapping gases like c
23、arbon dioxide,methane,and nitrogen oxide,we can curb our consumption of fossil fuels,use technologies that reduce the amount of emissions wherever possible.”I can conjecture the meaning of“curb”is control or reduce.,Argumentation,Definition:An argumentation is a written or spoken text that expresses
24、 a point of view with the purpose of influencing the opinions of readers.Sometimes argumentations can be aggressive,composed deliberately to change what readers believe,think,or do.At other times your goals may be more subtle,and your writing may be designed to convince others that specific facts ar
25、e reliable or that certain views should be considered or at least tolerated.Although many argumentations are aimed at warning,there are types of argumentations,such as argumentations to inform,to convince,to explore,and to make decisions.An argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its
26、 point of view and support it,to persuade him to change his mind and behavior,and to approve a policy or course of action that it proposes.Speeches on policies,editorials of newspapers,articles on political or theoretical questions,and various proposals are often argumentative.,Structure Analysis,Ti
27、tle:Knowledge and WisdomMain Idea:The article talks about the relationship between knowledge and wisdom and several factors that contribute to wisdom.People have different ideas when they define“wisdom”.There have several factors that contribute to wisdom.A.The first factor is the sense of proportio
28、n.B.The second factor is a certain awareness of the ends of human life.C.The essence of wisdom is emancipation from personal prejudice.D.The forth factor is making a continual approach towards impartiality.,Ways of Developing,In the first paragraph,the sentence“I want to ask first what wisdom is,and
29、 then what can be done to teach it.”is developed by process.In the second paragraph,the sentence“Suppose,for example,that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine.The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your intellectual energy”and“To take an even more spectacular exampl
30、e”are all developed by example.In the last paragraph,“But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality,on the one hand,by knowing things somewhat remote in time or space,and on the other hand,by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.”is developed by contrast.,Tra
31、nsitional Sentences and Conjunctions,The transitional sentence of second and third paragraph is“Comprehensiveness alone,however,is not enough to constitute wisdom.”The transitional sentence of the third and fourth paragraph is“It is not only in public ways,but in private life equally.”,Words,In the
32、second paragraph,I dont real understand the meaning of the word“spectacular”,but I can guess the meaning of the word according to the comparison of two examples in the context.The second example is more specific and more vivid than the first example,so the meaning of this word may be similar to the meaning of“obvious”.,
