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1、Tense&voice,时态的种类,英语动词有16种时态，现以study为例，列表如下：,过去,现在,将来,时态,高考题,巩固 题1,巩固 题2,主动,被动,语态,一般现在时,现在进行时,现在完成时,现在,I learned that the earth around the sun when I was in primary school.,If he accepts the job,he will get more money soon.考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when,until,after,before,as soon as,once,th
2、e moment/the minute;Eg:When Bill comes(不是will come),ask him to wait for me.条件：if,unless,provided.,一般现在时,goes,考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。,1）The train _at six tomorrow morning.When does the bus start?It _in ten minutes.,leaves,starts,If you will accept my invitation,my family will be pleased.注意：由
3、if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。,2）倒装句（由here，there开头的句子，动词用一般现在时表示现在正在发生的动作）Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.,考点三：下列动词：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return，open,close的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。,现在进行时,The house is _these days.The little boy
4、 is always making trouble.,考点一：与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。He is always thinking of his work(赞许)他老是把东西乱扔。He is constantly leaving his things about.（不满）他老爱说大话。He is always boasting(厌烦),being built,考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作,仅限于少量动词：go,come,leave,start,arrive,return,stay,
5、do,have,see sb off Are you staying here till next week?,工作进行的怎么样？工作进行的相当顺利。你进步很快。我们想在这里建一座水坝。风挺大有人找你接电话。,How are you getting on with your work?The work is going fairly smoothly.Youre making rapid progress.Were thinking of building a dam here.Its blowing hard.Someone is asking for you on the phone.,注
6、意：下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。（A）表示心理状态、情感的动作：like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,want,mind,wish,agree,mean,need。（B）表存在的状态的动词：appear,exist,lie,remain,seem，belong to，depend on。（C）表示一时性动作的动词：allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete。（D）表示感官的动词：see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look。,考点一：for+时间段；since+时间点 Th
7、ey have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.,现在完成时,考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately;recently,just,already,yet,ever,never,up to now;till now;so far,these days,once,twice,three times Has it stopped raining yet?,考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/年/月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。in/over/during the past few ye
8、ars/months/weeks/days；for the last few centuries,through centuries;throughout history 等,考点四：用于现在完成时的句型It is the first time that I have visited the city.It was the third time that the boy had been late.1）This/That/It is the first/second time.that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。,这是我看过的最好的电影。This is the best film that
9、 Ive(ever)seen.2）This/That/It is the best(worst,most interesting,only)+名词 that”后面跟现在完成时。,since的四种用法since+过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980,last month,half past six)。I have been here since 1989.2)since+一段时间+agoI have been here since five months ago.3)since+从句Great changes have taken place since you left.4)I
10、t is+一段时间+since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.,have/has been 表示曾到过某地（现在回来了）have/has gone表示已经到某地去了（现在不在说话处）,他去过北京。他到北京去了。,He has been to Beijing.,He has gone to Beijing.,典型例题(1)-Do you know our town at all?-No,this is the first time I _ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am comi
11、ng(2)-Have you _ been to our town before?-No,its the first time I _ here.A.even,come B.even,have comeC.ever,come D.ever,have come,B.,D,注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter for a month.（对）I havent received his letter for almost a month,典型例题1.You dont need to desc
12、ribe her.I _ her several times.A.had metB.have met C.metD.meet 答案B.首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。,2.-Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh,not at all.I _ here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.wasD.will be 答案A.等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。,一般过去时,过去进行时,过去完成时,过去,He
13、told me he _an interesting novel last night.如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词用过去式。,一般过去时的考点分析（考核重点）。表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用（或有上下文语境暗示）；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事 I met her in the street yesterday.He used to smoke a lot.I thought the film would be interesting,but it isnt.,read,Tom has
14、written a letter to his parents last night.Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday,last,week,in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。,表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，如but,and,when,as soon as,immediately,the moment The moment she came in,she told me what had happened to her.He bought a watch b
15、ut lost it.,（错）（对）,The radio _when you called me.-what were you doing this time yesterday?-W e _in the lab.,过去进行时,表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.What were you doing at nine last night?,was being repaired,were working,过去完成时考点分析（考核重点）句中有明显的参照动
16、作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用(by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。E.G:By the end of last year,we had produced 20,000 cars.The train had left before we reached the station.It was three years since we had been there.,考点一：表示“一就”的几个句型：Hardly/Scarcely/No sooner had+主语+过去分词+when/befor
17、e/than+一般过去时We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.=No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.（注意主谓倒装）,考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.It was 3 years since we had parted。,考点三：表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/in
18、tended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即：hoped/planned+to have done。I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.,典型例题：The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book that she _ in the office.A.had written,leftB.were writing,has left C.had writt
19、en,had left D.were writing,had left,考点四：“时间名词+before”在句子中作状语，用于间接引语中谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词+ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。He said his parents had died ten years before.Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.,D,一般将来时,将来进行时,将来完成时,将来,一般将来时考点分析 表示一种趋向或习惯动作。Well die without air or water.be going to与will/shall,be to do,be abo
20、ut to do用法及区别：be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；shall/will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。,(正确)(错误),If it is fine,well go fishing.If it is fine,we are going to go fishing.注意：be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能,：“祈使句+and/or+句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。Use your head and you will find a way.
21、,be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作/不可避免地将要发生的事，命中注定的事。A meeting is to be held at 3:00 oclock tomorrow.be about to do sth.表示“正打算,就要”Autumn harvest is about to start.,将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。明天这会我正在写作业。Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow.,将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时
22、间。By the end of next month,he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station,the train.,will have left,考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.,一般过去时和过去完成的用法区别1.一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的,过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言.两种时态建立的
23、时间参照点不同,对过去完成时来说,这一个时间参照点十分重要,它是过去完成概念赖以建立的基础,也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准.2.过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示,如by that time,by the end of.,before 2000,by the time+句子等.,过去完成时和现在完成时的区别1.两种时态都常与一段时间和状语连用,但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作(句中不可有表示过去特定时间的状语),而过去完成时表示的是在过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语).2.比较下面的说法 She had been
24、ill for a week before she came back.她在回来之前就生病一个星期了.(回来发生在过去某一时间,发病发生在过去的过去)She has been ill for a week.她生病一个星期了.(现在仍在生病),主动,被动,语态,考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组 come true,consist of,take place,happen,become,rise,occur,belong to,break out,appear,arrive,die,fall,last,exist,fail,succeedIt took place before liberat
25、ion.考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义,而且常与well,quite,easily,badly等副词连用。lock(锁);wash(洗);sell(卖);read(读);wear(穿);write(写)；break(破碎)Glass breaks easily.玻璃容易破碎。The door wont lock.门锁不上。The book sells well.这本书很畅销。,当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等后面接形容词时；用主动表示被动含义 want,require,need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
26、在“be+形容词+to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to_.,get along with,另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent/let（出租）也用主动形式表被动。,考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：It is said,It is reported,It is widely believed，It is expected,It is estimated,这些句子一般翻译为“据说”，“人们认为”，而“以前人们认为”则应该说：It was
27、believed,It was thought,4）被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。be seated坐着 He is seated on a bench.（He seats himself on a bench.）be hidden躲藏 He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。be lost迷路 be drunk喝醉 be dressed穿着 The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.,高考时态题精练 1.-my glasses?-Yes,I saw t
28、hem on your bed a minute ago.A.Do you see B.Had you seen C.Would you see D.Have you seen 2.Helen her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband home.A.Has left/comes B.left/had come C.had left/came D.had left/would come.,3.-Can I help you,sir?-Yes,I bought this radio here yesterday,but
29、it _didnt work B.wont work C.cant work D.doesnt work4.I first met Lisa three years ago.She at a radio shop at the time.A,has worked B.was working C.had been working D.had worked,5.Who is Jerry Cooper?I saw you shaking hands with him at the meeting.A.Dont you meet him yet B.Hadnt you met him yet C.Di
30、dnt you meet him yet D.Havent you met him yet6.Shirley a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.A.has written B.wrote C.had written D.was writing7.-Hi,Tracy.You look tired.-I am tired.I the living room all day.painted B.had painted C.have been painting D.have painted,
31、7.The price,but I doubt whether it will remain so.went down B.will go down C.has gone down D.was going down8.I ping_pong quite well,but I havent had time to play since the new year.Will play B.have played C.played D.play9.-Nancy is not coming tonight.-But she.A.promise B.promised C.will promised D.h
32、ad promised,10.-Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?-I,but I had an unexpected visitor.A.had B.would C.was going to D.did11.-Hey,look where you are going!-Oh,Im terrible sorry.A.Im not noticing B.I wasnt noticing C.I havent noticed D.I dont notice 12.-Youve left the light on.-Oh,so I have.and turn it
33、.Ill go B.Ive gone C.I go D.Im going,13.-How are you today?-Oh,I as ill as I do now for a very long time.didnt feel B.wasnt feeling C.dont feel D.havent felt14.The reporter said that the UFO east to west when he saw it.A.was travelling B.travelled C.had been travelling D.was to travel,15.Selecting a
34、 mobile phone for personal use is an easy task because technology so rapidly.A.is changing B.has changed C.will have changed D.will change 16.Visitors not to touch the exhibits.A.will request B.request C.are requesting D.are requested-Excuse me,sir.Would you do me a favor?-Of course.What is it?-I if
35、 you could tell me how to fill out this form.A.had wondered B.was wondering C.would wondering D.did wonder,18.I wonder why Jenny _us recently.We should have heard from her by now.A.hasnt written B.doesnt write C.wont write D.hadnt written,19.I dont really work here.I_until the new secretary arrives.
36、A.just help out B.have just helped out C.am just helping out D.will just help out【解析】“我只是在帮忙，直到新秘书到任为止”20.He will have learned English for eight years by the time he _from the university next year.A.will graduate B.will have graduate C.graduates D.is to graduate【解析】by the time后接定语从句，省略了关系副词when。在这 种
37、定语从句中要用一般现在时表示将来。,英语动词时态、语态考点误用对不起，我没看见你在这儿。误 Sorry,I dont see you here.正 Sorry,I didnt see you here.析 根据语境，本句是指刚才没看见对方在这，而不是现在没看见对方在这，所以要用一般过去时。2.你能告诉我北京冬天是否下雪吗？误 Could you tell me if it snowed in winter in Beijing?正 Could you tell me if it snows in winter in Beijing?析 一般现在时除表示经常性的动作外，还可表示习惯性的动作，即现
38、阶段的一个事实，句中不需要任何经常性的时间状语配合。could表示一种客气的语气，不表示过去时态。,3.他说他第二天要去合肥出差。误 He said he will go to Hefei on business the next day.正 He said he would go to Hefei on business the next day.析 主句谓语动词为过去时，宾语从句表示过去的将来要发生的动作，要用过去将来时。4.我忘了把你的伞带来了。误 I forget to bring your umbrella with me.正 I forgot to bring your umbre
39、lla with me.析 不用forget，而用forgot，因为现在已经记起来了，forgot是说话这一时刻之前的动作。由于受汉语思维习惯的影响，动词时态观念不强，误把一般现在时当作一般过去时。,5.他父亲离开祖国已经50年了。误 His father has left his homeland for fifty years.正 His father has been away from his homeland for fifty years.析 短暂性动词的完成时(肯定式)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，要么改为表示状态的动词，要么用下列句式来表达(以此句为例)：His father
40、left his homeland fifty years ago.It is fifty years since his father left his homeland.It has been fifty years since his father left his homeland.Fifty years have passed since his father left his homeland.,6.“你去过北京吗？”“是的，我去过。”误“Have you gone to Beijing?”“Yes,I have gone there.”正“Have you been to Bei
41、jing?”“Yes,I have been there.”析 Have you gone to Beijing?是“你已经到北京了吗？”，指目前人已在北京或在赴北京的途中。说话的时候，显然你已不在北京了，所以说用在这儿不恰当。表示“过去曾去过某处而现在又回来了”须用have been。7.如果明天不下雨，我们就去参观美术展览。误 We shall see an exhibition of pain-tings if it won“t rain tomorrow.正 We shall see an exhibition of pain-tings if it doesn”t rain tomo
42、rrow.析 在时间状语从句中，从句要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。,8.在过去几年中，我们家乡发生了巨大的变化。误 There were great changes in our home-town in the past few years.正 There have been great changes in our hometown in the past few years.析“In/During the past/last+复数名词”是完成时态的标志之一，不要被past/last所迷惑，而用了过去时。9.我不知道那艘船明天是否会准点到。误 I wonder if the ship ar
43、rives on time tomorrow.正 I wonder if the ship will arrive on time tomorrow.析 这里if连接的宾语从句，表示“是否”(=whether)，而不是条件状语从句，表示“如果”。因此根据句意仍需用一般将来时。,10.自从1978年以来我们的家乡发生了巨大的变化。误 Great changes have been taken place in our hometown since 1978.正 Great changes have taken place in our hometown since 1978.析 take pla
44、ce和happen都是不及物动词或短语，不能用于被动语态。11.那个村也叫国际会议村。误 The village also called the International Meeting Village.正 The village is also called the International Meeting Village.析 英语被动语态是由“be+动词的过去分词”构成，因此在also前应加is。,12.我们学校也教俄语。误 Our school also teaches Russian.正 Russian is also taught in our school.析 当动作的执行者没
45、有必要指明或为大家所知时，通常用被动语态。显然our school不是teach的执行者，而应该是没有表示出来的teachers，因此，要把动作的承受者Russian用作主语，用被动语态来表达。13.我们都认识那位科学家。误 The scientist is known by us all.正 The scientist is known to us all.析 by表示动作执行者。而表示范围、地点等用法时，要用介词to或in。,14.孩子们陆续地走进了博物馆。误 The museum was entered by the children one by one.正 The children
46、entered the museum one by one.析 某些及物动词，如leave,enter,reach,join等后接表示地点、处所、组织名称的名词作宾语时，不能转换为被动语态。15.他在会上向我们作了自我介绍。误 Himself was introduced to us at the meeting by him.正 He introduced himself to us at the meeting.析 反身代词作宾语时，不能转换成被动语态。16.这本杂志在这儿很畅销。误 This magazine is sold well here.正 This magazine sells well here.析 有些动词，如：act,add,brush,burn,clean,cook,count,cut,draw,drive,keep,lock,look,open,read,sell,smoke,strike,wash,wear,write等，其主动形式在一些具体场合表示被动意义。这类句子的特点是：主语往往是物而不是人。另外，后面往往带有well这一类副词，或者修饰主语的形容词,Thank you!,
