《英语议论文写作.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语议论文写作.ppt（25页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、,议论文,Contents,What is argumentation and persuasion何为论证与说服Strategies for using argumentation and persuasion使用论证与说服的策略,What Argumentation Is所谓论证就是It is a logical way of essay development by which the writer tries to convince readers or other people of the soundness of a particular opinion on a controv
2、ersial issue.It tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it,to persuade him to change his mind or behavior,and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes.,Speeches on policies,editorials of newspapers,articles on political or theoretical questions,and various
3、 proposals are often argumentative.有关政策的演讲，报纸的编辑，政论或者理论问题的文章，及各种建议通常是要进行议论的。,Argumentation,The purpose of argumentation议论的目的Persuade reasonable people to agree with the opinion说服理性的人们同意（作者的）观点Defend an opinion,to establish its validity even if others cannot be persuaded to agree守护一个观点，即使其他人不能被说服同意的时
4、候也能建立该观点的效力Attack some opinion you believe to be misguided,untrue,or evil,without necessarily offering an alternative of your own攻击你确信是误导的，不真实的或者邪恶的某一观点，这时没有必要提供你自己的替代观点（论证他错就OK至于正确的是什么样子可以不管）,A good argumentation 好的议论,A debatable point有争论的点Sufficient evidence充足的论据Good logic良好的逻辑An honest and friend
5、ly attitude诚实友好的态度,A debatable point,Mere statements of facts仅仅评论事实Statements of personal preference个人经历的评论Viewpoints that are generally accepted or can be easily verified观点可以大提升被接受或者容易阐述,Organizing your argument组织你的议论文,Title题目Introduction导论Thesis statement理论阐述Body Paragraphs正文段落Constructing Topic S
6、entences构造主题句Building Main Points构建主要论点Countering the Opposition反对相反的的观点Conclusion结论,Title-why do you need one?题目你为什么需要题目呢？,Introduces the topic of discussion to the audience向读者介绍讨论的主题Generates reader interest in the argument激发读者对论文的兴趣,What is a thesis statement?什么是论点阐述？,The MOST IMPORTANT SENTENCE
7、in your paper你文章中最重要的那句话Lets the reader know the main idea of the paper使读者了解文章的主旨Answers the question:“What am I trying to prove?”回答这个问题：我要试图证明什么？Not a factual statement,but a claim that has to be proven throughout the paper不是事实阐述，而是通篇要证明的结论,Role of the thesis statement论点阐述的角色,The thesis statement s
8、hould guide your reader through your argument.论点句应该通过议论来引导读者The thesis statement is generally located in the introduction of the paper.论点句通常在文章的引言部分A thesis statement may also be located within the body of the paper or in the conclusion,depending upon the purpose or argument of the paper.也可以唯一正文或者结论
9、当中，这取决于文章议论的目的,Strategies for Argumentation议论的策略,Considering the audience 考虑受众Thinking logically 逻辑思考,Consider Your audience,A supportive audience 支持你的受众You dont need a highly reasoned argument filled with facts,examples,and statistics.You can rely primarily on a strong emotional appeal-to reinforce
10、 readers commitment to your viewpoint.你不必以满是事实、事例、统计资料的高度理性的论证。你可以注意靠强烈的情绪呼吁来强化读者对你观点的认同（如果呼吁力强就直接忽悠就成了）,Audience,A wavering audience 摇摆不决的听众Try to create credibility and reliability by focusing on providing unified,coherent,accurate and sufficient facts,statistics,examples and authoritative stateme
11、nts to support your viewpoint.通过聚焦于已有的统一的一致的精确的充足的事实，统计，事例和权威性表述来试图建立信任和可靠度来支撑你的观点A hostile audience敌意的听众Try to rely on logical reasoning and hard-to-dispute facts.尽力依靠逻辑推理和无可争辩的事实,Think Logically,Induction Reasoning from the particular to general 从特殊到一般的推理（归纳）Example 例子-1st grape:sour,2nd grape:sou
12、r 3rd grape:sour.葡萄酸-Conclusion:The rest of the grapes were probably sour too.结论：其余的葡萄可能也是酸的,Think Logically,Deduction 演绎Reasoning from the general to particular(syllogism)从一般到特殊 Example:例如：-Major premise:No dogs have feathers-Minor premise:Snowball is a dog-Conclusion:Snowball does not have feather
13、s.大前提：狗都没有羽毛；小前提：雪球是条狗；结论：雪球没有羽毛,Logical Fallacies逻辑谬误,Hasty generalization 草率的泛化（轻率的得出一般结论）False analogy错误的类推Personal attack 人身攻击Questionable or faulty authority可疑或者错误的印证Circular reasoning 循环推理Slanted language带偏见的语言 Faulty cause and effect 错误的因果关系Evading the issue回避问题,Model essay范文,Opinion summariz
14、ation观点摘要A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia.Interestingly,Asians,on average,eat 20 grams of soy per day,whereas North Americans eat virtually
15、 none.It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones,which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties.Thus,North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression.最近的研究表明生活在北美大陆的人们比亚洲大陆的人们多出9倍的长期疲劳和31倍多的慢性抑郁。有意思的是，亚洲
16、人，平均每天吃20克大豆，而北美人几乎不吃。已经证明大豆含有叫做异黄酮的化学物质，发现其具有防止疾病的特性。因此，北美人应该考虑经常性的食用大豆作为预防长期疲劳和慢性抑郁的一种方式,Model essay,Self-refuted opinion presentation 自我反驳的观点表达In this argument,the arguer cites a study showing that North Americans suffer from an amazingly higher rate of chronic fatigue and chronic depression than
17、 people living in Asia.From an unknown source,the arguer states that Asians eat much more soy than North Americans,who eat almost none,and that soy contains disease-preventing properties.The arguer then concludes his or her argument by stating that North Americans should consider regularly eating so
18、y as a means of battling fatigue and depression.This argument suffers from at least four critical fallacies.本文中，作者引用了一项研究表明北美人患上慢性抑郁和慢性疲劳的比例比亚洲人出奇的高。从一个位置的源头，作者表达了亚洲人大豆比北美人吃得多（根据何在呢？没有），北美人几乎不吃，而大豆具有防病属性。作者然后得出了他的结论就是北美人应该经常吃大豆。该文章至少有四处严重谬误。,Model essay,Counterevidence:hypothesis 反对论据：假设For the sake
19、 of this argument,we will assume that the studies and the statistics about North Americans and Asians soy eating habits are correct,and that isoflavones have been found to have disease-fighting properties.Given that,there is still a problem with the arguer directly correlating the eating of soy with
20、 the prevention of disease and depression.针对这一论述，我们假定关于北美和亚洲大豆饮食习惯的研究与统计数据是正确的，而且异黄酮也确实有抗病功效。即便如此，作者将大豆的抗病功能与抗抑郁的功能直接联系到一起仍然是有问题的。,Model essay,Evidence 1论据1First of all,simply because soy may have disease-preventing properties,that does not mean that it can therefore fight chronic fatigue and chroni
21、c depression.Fatigue and depression may not actually even be considered as diseases,therefore even given the fact that soy has disease-fighting properties,it would have no effect on the nondiseases of fatigue and depression.Secondly,even assuming that fatigue and depression are diseases,they are not
22、 specifically mentioned as diseases that soy or isoflavones are able to prevent.Perhaps soy can help prevent osteoporosis(bone loss),mumps or even chicken pox,but that does not mean that it can specifically address the problems of chronic fatigue and chronic depression.These two critical weaknesses
23、alone make the argument unconvincing.首先，简单的根据大豆可能有防病功能，那不意味着它就可以对抗慢性疲劳和慢性抑郁。疲劳和抑郁或许实际上不能被看做疾病，因此即使建设大豆确有抗病功效，那么也不会对疲劳和抑郁这些非疾病有效。其次，就算假定疲劳和抑郁确实是疾病，它们也没有作为大豆或者异黄酮能够防范的具体疾病中提到。或许大豆可以有助于防止（骨质疏松），但这不意味着大豆可以具体解决疲劳和抑郁的问题。仅仅这两个严重的缺陷就使这一论证不令人信服。,Model essay,Evidence 2论据2Furthermore,the arguers conclusion is
24、based on the idea that diet alone can prevent fatigue and depression by comparing the diets of North Americans and Asians.It is highly unlikely that diet alone is responsible for the tremendous difference in the rates of fatigue and depression between the two populations.Other factors such as lifest
25、yles,occupations,residence in city or rural areas and levels of stress may play a much bigger factor than diet.Additionally,the arguer states that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones,which supposedly have disease-preventing properties.并且，作者的结论是基于通过对比北美和亚洲人的饮食得出单靠饮食就可以防止疲劳和抑郁这一观点得出的。然而单一的饮
26、食因素就能够解释两大人群中疲劳和抑郁的比例巨大差异是很不可能的。其他因素如生活方式、职业、城市还是郊区居住以及压力水平可能影响更大。此外，作者描述了大豆含有异黄酮的植物化学物质，该物质假定有防病功效。,Model essay,Evidence 3论据3What is not stated,however,is whether these isoflavones are contained in a form in soy that is usable by the human body.It is possible that the particular configuration of th
27、e phytochemicals found in soy products is not usable by the human body,thereby producing no beneficial effects by people eating more soy products.In and of themselves,isoflavones may prevent certain diseases,but perhaps those found in soy are of no benefit to humans.By failing to address these possi
28、bilities,the arguer has presented an unconvincing argument.然而还有一点没有提及，就是以大豆形式存在的异黄酮是否可以被人体利用。可能在大豆产品中找到的植物化学物质的具体配置不能被人踢利用，那么人们使用更多的豆制品没有一处。,Conclusion 结论In summary,the argument fails due to four major flaws in logic.First,disease-preventing properties does not mean fatigue and depression preventing
29、 properties.Secondly,fatigue and depression may not even be considered as diseases.Thirdly,the arguer ignores the probability that diet alone is not the sole reason behind the increased rates of fatigue and depression for North Americans as opposed to Asians.Finally,isoflavones as found in soy may n
30、ot produce the same beneficial effects as when it is found in other forms.To strengthen the argument and conclusion,the arguer should present evidence that directly links diet to fatigue and depression as well as evidence that shows that soy can specifically prevent chronic fatigue and chronic depression in North Americans.总之，作者由于逻辑中四个主要错误而导致了论证失败。首先，防病功能不等于防治“疲劳和抑郁功能。”其次，疲劳和抑郁可能都不被看做是疾病。再次，作者护士了对比亚洲人北美人的疲劳和抑郁高发生率的背后饮食很可能不是单一的因素。最后，大豆中发现的异黄酮以其他形式存在时可能不会产生同样的有益功效。为了强化论证及结论，醉着应该拿出证据证明饮食和疲劳抑郁的直接联系并且有证据表明大豆针对北美人中的疲劳和抑郁有确切的功效。,Thank you!,
