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1、,In this course,we are all learners and teachers.Your experiences and capacities are valuable resources for me.Respect for yourself and others is an essential ingredient in creating a positive learning environment.I look forward to working with you to create this kind of learning environment.,Welcom
2、e to the class of intercultural communication course!,Welcome,INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION People fail to get along because they fear each other;They fear each other because they dont know each other;They dont know each other becausethey have not communicated with each other.Dr.Martin Luther King,Jr.
3、,I.Importance of studying ICC,To behave as“good citizens”in the global village it is important for us to cultivate sufficient intercultural awareness;to achieve communicative competence;to study ICC.,II.Course Objectives/purposes,The specific course objectives are as follows:To acquire knowledge rel
4、ated to ICC(terminologies and definitions)；To develop skills that will increase your intercultural communication competence；3.To understand how communication processes differ among cultures；4.To cultivate the ability to study and explore the issues concerning intercultural communication.,III.Plan.,1
5、.Required Textbook:Communication Between Cultures(Third Edition)By Larry A.SamovarRichard E.PorterLisa A.Stefani20002.Time schedule:36 periods in one term.1).Introduction to Intercultural Communication;4periods 2).Part I Communication and Culture;8 periods3).Part II The Influence of Culture;8 period
6、s4).Part III From Theory of Practice;8 periods5).Part IV Knowledge into Action;8 periods3.Evaluation will be based on:1)Attendance and participation.2)Project presentation and handout(the required essay).3)Final examination.,IV.Course expectations/tasks,1.Preview the text:Looking up the new words an
7、d expressions before class;Prepare what the teacher has asked you to do.2.Take an active part in class discussions and performances.3.Choose and read two recommended textbooks on intercultural communication-one in Chinese and one in English.Books Recommended:1 Ron Scollon Suzanne Wong Scollon:Interc
8、ultural Communication:A Discourse Approach,外语教学与研究出版社，2000*2 贾玉新：跨文化交际学，上海外语教育出版社，19973 林大津：跨文化交际研究，福建人民出版社，19964 胡文仲：文化与交际，外语教学与研究出版社，1997,V.Introduction to the textbook,Synopsis This textbook gives you an understanding and appreciation of different cultures and provides you with the practical skil
9、ls for improving your communication with people from other cultures.It provides excellent motivation for you through numerous compelling examples that force them to examine your own assumptions and cultural biases.Structure The book is divided into four interrelated parts,including 10 chapters:(Look
10、 at P.F28)Part I introduces the study of communication and culture(Chapter1-2);Part II examines cultural patterns of behavior and then looks at the deep structures as the basic roots of cultural behavior(Chapter3-4)Part III puts the theory of intercultural communication into practice;(Chapter5-9);Pa
11、rt IV is concerned with the improvement of intercultural communication skills(Chapter10).,Structure,The book is divided into four interrelated parts,including 10 chapters:(Look at P.F28)Part I introduces the study of communication and culture(Chapter1-2);Part II examines cultural patterns of behavio
12、r and then looks at the deep structures as the basic roots of cultural behavior(Chapter3-4)Part III puts the theory of intercultural communication into practice;(Chapter5-9);Part IV is concerned with the improvement of intercultural communication skills(Chapter10).,VI.A brief introduction to the his
13、tory of the study of ICC,The Development of the Discipline 1.In 1946：The US government passed the Foreign Service Act and established the Foreign Service Institute.The institute hired Edward T.Hall 2.In 1959:The publication of the Silent Language by the American cultural anthropologist,Edward T.Hall
14、 marked the emergence of ICC.3.In 1966:ICC was regarded as curriculum in the US.,2.In 1959:The publication of the Silent Language by the American cultural anthropologist,Edward T.Hall marked the emergence of ICC.3.In 1966:ICC was regarded as curriculum in the US.4.In 1970:ICC was recognized as an in
15、dependent area of study by the International Communication Association(国际传播学会)5.In 1972:The first international conference on intercultural communication was held in Japan.6.In 1983:Gudykunst,American well known scholar in ICC,edited the first text on intercultural communication theory,Intercultural
16、 Communication Theories.7.In the 1990s Theory construction and testing continues.,VII.The nature of the study of ICC:,Interdisciplinary:1.Linguists:Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf and their hypothesis:the Edward Sapir-Whorf hypothesis(萨丕尔 沃尔夫假设)2.Anthropologists Edward Hall and his works:The Silent
17、Language 3.Psychologists:Gordon Allport and his classic study,The Nature of prejudice,VIII.Approaches to the study of ICC,Three Approaches:1.the social science approach(sometimes called functionalist approach)2.the interpretive approach 3.the critical approach,IX.RESEARCH AREAS OF ICC.,1.IN USA,ICC
18、RESEARCH COVERS:1).Cultural differences and impacts on many areas;2).Similarities and differences between different nations and cultures;3).Intercultural contact and occasions;4).Language and culture,bilingual education and translation;,5).Particular cultural pattern and its impact on cross_culture;
19、6).Non_verbal communication;7).Cultural shock and acculturation(文化休克与文化适应);8).Nation,race and subculture(亚文化);9).prejudice against different nations,races and some of other countries.,2.Features of ICC research in America,3 features:1)They are internationally,domestically oriented.2)ICC researchers
20、are mainly linguists,psychologists,sociologists and anthropologists.3)Many American universities have offered ICC course,3.ICC for post graduates in America,5 aspects:1.to teach post graduates terminologies and definitions related to ICC;2.to require them to examine problems about a culture;3.to ena
21、ble postgraduates to meet people from various cultural backgrounds;4.to acquaint postgraduates approaches to overcome cultural differences;5.to require them to investigate into cultures that interest them.,4.ICC study in China,In China ICC study began as a serious discipline for study in the early 1
22、980s,lots of scholars have studied this area.Many books and papers were written(nearly 300 papers and 20-odd books between 1981-2001李炯英 解放军外国语学院学报2002年第6期).胡文仲:Aspects of Intercultural Communication,，外语教学与研究出版社，1999胡文仲:文化与交际，外语教学与研究出版社，1997胡文仲:跨文化交际学概论，外语教学与研究出版 社,1999。贾玉新：跨文化交际学，上海外语教育出版社，1997林大津：跨
23、文化交际研究，福建人民出版社，1996年10月。关世杰：跨文化交流学，北京大学出版社，1996邓炎昌、刘润清：Language and Culture1989.,Part 1 Communication and Culture,Chapter 1 Intercultural Communication Interaction in a Changing WorldI.Importance of Intercultural Communication Differences of todays ICC and ICC of the past:,the past encounters:confus
24、ing and hostile Causes:1)Lack cultural knowledge;2)Blame the alien for the differences.the present encounters:more abundant and more significant.Reasons:1）modern means of transportation systems 2）modern means of communication systems 3）globalization of world economy 4)mass migration,2.Threefold rati
25、onale for looking at these changes:,1).As the familiar gives way to a new and different world,the entire human race is a affected.2).Many of the events that have brought diverse groups together have been too subtle to detect and have taken place over a long period.Hence,we believe that many of them
26、may have been overlooked.3)By demonstrating both the quantity and quality of these changes,we might be better able to arouse your interest in intercultural communication.,II.The Quantity of Intercultural Communication,International Contacts Three international developments that made international co
27、ntact more axiomatic and pervasive:New technology and information systems;changes in the world population;a shift in the words arena;,2.Domestic Contact 1)changes in the meaning of the word American.2)Definition of co_culture(subculture and subgroup)Co_culture is a culture that exists in a dominant
28、culture in which the members,like the members of the dominant culture,share perceptions,values,modes of communication,and lifestyles that made them unique,different from the members of the dominant culture.,Approaching Intercultural CommunicationThe Content of Intercultural CommunicationA Philosophy
29、 of Intercultural CommunicationStudying Intercultural CommunicationIndividualism Objectivity,Part Two Communication and Culture:The Voice and the Echo,I.About the word Communication 1）Origin:The English word“Communication”originates from Latin word“commonis”,which means common.The concept of communi
30、cation is closely connected with the meaning of commonness(共同/共享)2)Meanings:Some anthropologists and the authors of this book communication and culture are closely linked,the two terms are virtually synonymous.Culture is the foundation of communication,3)Translation in Chinese:“交际”(From the linguist
31、ic perspective,meaning intercourse)“沟通”(From the psychological perspective,meaning link up)“传播”(In mass mediem,It means methods of sending imformation by telephone)“交通”“传通”,II.The definitions of communication,1.The Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary:Communication is defined as the activity
32、or process of giving information to other people or to other living things using signals such as speech,body movements,or radio signals.To sum it up,it is anything that adds meaning to a message.Communication is an ever-changing process and the present communications have a great impact on the commu
33、nication in the future.,2.Oxford Companion to the English Language(McArthur,1993):Communication refer to the transmission of information(a massage)between source(sender)and reciever,by using signaling system.,3.Any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information about th
34、at persons needs,desires,perceptions,knowledge,or affective states.Communication may be intentional or unintentional,may involve conventional or unconventional signals,may take linguistic or nonlinguistic forms,and may occur through spoken or other modes.(From the website)4.This book(P.24),Ingredien
35、ts of communication(组成交际的要素),1.message/behavioral source(信息源/行为源)2.encoding（编码）3.message（信息）4.channel（渠道）5.receiver/recepient/responder(信息接受者/反应者)6.decoding（译码）7.response（反应）8.feedback（反馈）（P13-15贾玉新）,Understanding Culture,I.About the word Culture1）Origin:The English word Culture originates from the
36、Latin colo,-ere,with its root meaning to cultivate,generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance.,Definitions of culture,Culture is a term used in confusing and contradictory ways.There is no standard definition of culture.In 1952 Alf
37、red Kroeber and Clyde Kluckhohn compiled a list of more than 164 definitions of culture in Culture:A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions.,Different definitions of“culture”reflect different theoretical bases for understanding,or criteria for evaluating,human activity.Anthropologists most comm
38、only use the term“culture”to refer to the universal human capacity to classify,codify（把编成法典）and communicate their experiences symbolically.This capacity is long been taken as a defining feature of the genus Homo.,The Modern Chinese Dictionary:1)The total sum of material and spiritual wealth created
39、by the mankind in the process of the social and historical development,esp,literature,art,science,education,etc.(From this we can see culture includes everything,material and spiritural,created by human beings)2)The ability to use the written language and possession of book knowledge.,1、Sir Edward B
40、.Tylor writing from the perspective of social anthropology in the UK in 1871 described culture in the following way:“Culture or civilization,taken in its wide ethnographic（人种志研究的）sense,is that complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits a
41、cquired by man as a member of society.,2、More recently,the United Nations Economic,Social and Cultural Organization UNESCO(2002)described culture as follows:.culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual,material,intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group,and t
42、hat it encompasses,in addition to art and literature,lifestyles,ways of living together,value systems,traditions and beliefs.,3.Kluckhohns definition:Culture consists in patterned ways of thinking,feeling and reacting acquired and transmited mainly by symbols,constituting the distinctive achievement
43、s of human groups,including their embodiments of artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional(i.e.,historically derived and selected)ideas and esp.their attached values.,4.Hofstedes definition:(Culture consists of)a set mental programes that control an individuals response in a gi
44、ven context.5.Clifford Geertzs definition:Culture is an historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols,a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic form by means of which men communicate,perpetuate,and develop their knowledge about and attitudes towards life.,6.Edward T.Halls definition(Refer to P.22)7.Hoeland Frosts definition(P.33)8.Bates and PLogs definition(P.33)9.The definition of the authors(Refer to P.33),
