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1、建筑遮阳和日光照明Building shading and daylighting control,许鹏 教授 博士 博导机械工程学院Peng Xu Professor,PhD,PE,MBACollege of Mechanical Engineering,Contents内容纲要,Importance of shading control and daylighting 遮阳和自然采光的重要性Shading strategies 常见遮阳策略Day lighting and building envelope 日光照明与建筑立面Sample projects and successful s
2、tories 成功案例Software 计算软件,2,Windows,architecture love them,occupants love them.They are modern,stylish,provide better view,easy to build,easy to maintain,What is the pain?,Public buildings,Office,Residential,Small commercials,3,But engineers hate them,regulators do not want them,because they are wast
3、ing energy,What is the pain?,Building codes all over the world are using description or energy budget method to regulate the window to wall ratio,In summer,direct solar heat gain accounts for more than 50%of cooling load,In winter,wall insulation value is about 10 times higher than that of conventio
4、nal windows.Therefore,buildings in cold climate can only have small windows,Windows are more important than any other building components in term of energy impactIn cold climate,more than 50%heat loss are through windowsIn hot climate,direct solar heat gain is about 1/3 of cooling loadLighting energ
5、y consumption is more than heating and cooling combined in commercial buildings,Low-energy intensity design and windows,Low-energy intensity design and windows,Air conditioning peak load analysis in summer50%of building envelope load are caused by windowsWindow shading in summer and window insulatio
6、n in winter are two critical issues,Year of Built,Government office building built at different years,Energy survey results,Worst energy intensity buildings get worse and worse,Energy survey results,Background,Misunderstanding of windowsThe smaller the better,control Window to Wall RatioEast and Wes
7、t facades are sameSmall north facing windowsSize matters,height does notWindow is fixedBlinds are interior design jobs,nothing to do with energy,Low energy intensity buildings,Mis-concept today,Contents内容纲要,Importance of shading control and daylighting 遮阳和自然采光的重要性Shading strategies 常见遮阳策略Day lightin
8、g and building envelope 日光照明与建筑立面Sample projects and successful stories 成功案例,The major flux is direct solar beam in summerIn winter,heat loss is the biggest problemSecond transfer is importantTint glass is not very useful,Heat flux through the window,Window and shading design principlesUse exterior
9、shading,or shading in between glasses,internal shading is uselessDesign the building to shade itself Use a horizontal form for south windowsMaximizing windows in northRecessed windows,somewhat useful on the eastUse a vertical form on east and west windows.Give west and south windows shading priority
10、.East is not importantThe shades color modifies light and heat.Movable shading is better than fixed shade.Use movable devices if budget is allowed,West shading is hardest,vertical louvers sometimes not working,Ways to reduce overhang size,Reducing the size of overhang furthermore,Allow lighting to c
11、ome in,Design shading for glare relief as well.Useexterior shading to reduce glare by partiallyblocking occupants view of the too-bright sky.,Dirt accumulation on blades,negative effects on building appearancePoor reliability.Actuators and mechanical systems are prone to failure due to exposure to w
12、ind,sun and rain.Difficult to repair.Visually unattractive.To avoid glare,blades are typically shut off in winter and useful solar heat is blocked too,From thermal point of view,exterior shading systems are perhaps one good solution,because direct solar radiation is completely blocked outside of bui
13、ldings.However,it has the following shortcomings:,Practical problems,Interior shading system,Need to be cleaned and maintained regularlyProne to damage.Furniture moving,indoor activities will inevitably damage the shutter.No automatic adjustment.Interior blinds are left open or closed as they were,t
14、ill someone feels discomfort with the glare.,Interior shading systems overcome the shortcomings of exterior shading systems,but on the thermal side,they are not as effectively as exterior shading.Although solar radiation is blocked,solar heat are retained indoor in summer.Beyond that,other shortcomi
15、ngs include:,Double facades with ventilation,Ventilated faade still have dirt problem.Dirt accumulated in-between the faade is hard to clean Interior recycling ventilated double faades are useless thermal dynamically,because all the heat is still trapped indoor.High cost.Need two layers of window sy
16、stems.Double the building cost.,Ventilated double facades with shading in between are better than interior and exterior shading system.However,they have several drawbacks:,Shading in between the glasses,dynamic facade,Contents内容纲要,Importance of shading control and daylighting 遮阳和自然采光的重要性Shading stra
17、tegies 常见遮阳策略Day lighting and building envelope 日光照明与建筑立面Sample projects and successful stories 成功案例,Day lighting is untapped energy source in buildings,Natural lighting is freeNatural lighting release less heat than artificial lighting,even with ventilated fixturesLighting is on all four seasons,Da
18、y lighting saving potentials,Adding photo-controls 0.62 kWh/sf-yr of office SF 14.6%of 4.24 kWh/sf-yr(average interior lighting energy use)2.11 kWh/sf-yr in primary daylit zone 53.5%of 4.24 kWh/sf-yr(average interior lighting energy use）35%of office space sf in daylit area,Market size Office spaces
19、with windows,67%-3,578 day lit office spaces Net window-to-wall ratios,38%average for office buildings,Day lighting and building envelope,Day lighting and building envelope,Adding a light shelf increase savings About 5%increase in savingsReducing furniture partition heights increase savingsAbout 10-
20、14%depending on partition heightsIncrease interior reflectanceAbout 15%depending on interior reflectance,Day lighting and building envelope,Day lighting and building envelope,Day lighting and building envelope,Day lighting and building envelope,Day lighting and building envelope,Building Form and Sk
21、in Increase exposure to daylight.High skin-to-volume-ratio,the greater percentage of floor space available for daylighting Shape building for self-shading Take a deep facade approach Balance daylight admittance Keep private offices somewhat shallow,Day lighting and building envelope,Windows The high
22、er the window,the deeper the daylighting zone.The practical depth of a daylighted zone is typically limited to 1.5 times the window head height.With a reflective light shelf,this zone may be extended up to 2.5 times the head height Strip windows provide more uniform daylight.Large windows require mo
23、re control.Size the windows and select glazing at the same time.Keep occupants away from large areas of single-pane glass.Use separate apertures for view and daylight.Position windows to direct light onto the ceiling.Introduce more light-colored surfaces for good distribution.,Window design to maxim
24、ize daylighting,Incorporate shading elements with windows Use horizontal window shapes Place view windows wisely.Locate windows near room surfaces(beams,walls)for good distributionthese surfaces help reflect and redistribute daylight.Windows on every orientation-North:High quality consistent dayligh
25、t with minimalheat gains,but thermal loss during heatingconditions and associated comfort problems.-South:Good access to strong illumination(theoriginal source),although varies through the day.Shading is“easy”.-East and West:Shading is difficult.Shading iscritical for comfort on both sides and heat
26、gain too,especially on the west.Windows facing generallynorth and south create the fewest problems.Dont waste glazing area where it cant be seen,Blinds matters!,90%of buildings have operable fenestration controls,blinds,shades,louvers,curtains,Daylighting simulation examples,Blinds day lighting simu
27、lation,Automated blinds control,Raised for hours when there is no direct sun,lowered for hours when there is direct sunBlinds are at 45 deg angle to block direct sunRepresentative of a fully automated system,Blinds control is an energy saving gold mine,Blinds retrofitsThey are easy to improveScope o
28、f design and product improvementDaylighting optimized blindsBlinds manufacturers dont know the potential of their product for daylighting savingsEveryone is focus on HVAC savingsJust like glass/windows forget they are making a daylighting productsLow cost retrofit item,Split blinds,no cost ideas,Sep
29、arate the window functions with different operation schedulesDaylight windows provide:Seasonal adjustment for solar redirectionView windows provide:Occupant daily or hourly control for glare,Reflective louvers acts as light shelf,Automated blinds retrofit options,Successful examples,Genzyme BuildingAutomated reflective blindsAll facades operated to produce uniform daylightingArchiving persistent savings,Time,%savings,方位：东,Real picture of daylighting control,
