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1、Lecture One,助动词与情态动词,Auxiliary Verbs and Modal Verbs,动词的分类,根据在句中的功能，动词可以分为：1.实义动词(Notional Verbs)2.系动词(Link Verbs)3.助动词(Auxiliary Verbs)4.情态动词(Modal Verbs)根据其后是否带宾语，实义动词又可分为：1.及物动词(Transitive Verbs,Vt.)2.不及物动词(Intransitive Verbs,Vi.),助动词（Auxiliary Verbs),协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verbs）,被协助的动词称
2、作主要动词（Main Verbs）。I dont like coffee.助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用。最基本的助动词有三个：be,do,have.be,am,is,are,was,were,been,beinghave,has,had,havingdo,does,did,助动词be,have,do的用法,助动词be主要用来构成各种进行时态和被动语态，及相应的疑问句和否定句。What were you doing when I called?Smoking is not allowed in this building.助动词have主要用来构成各种完成时和完成进行时态，及相应的疑问句和否
3、定句。Have you finished your homework?助动词do主要用来构成疑问句和否定句，以及在动词之前表示强调。He doesnt care what other people think.He did know that.,注意：,be动词除了用作助动词外，还可用作系动词，构成系表结构。He is a dentist.have和do除用作助动词外，还可用作及物动词。I have a brother.What are you doing?,助动词will,would,shall,should,除be,have,do外，英语中的助动词还有四个：will,would,shall
4、,should与be,have,do不同的是，这四个词往往有情态动词的作用，可以说是介于助动词和情态动词之间的词，甚至更接近于情态动词。本讲中将其归入情态动词部分进行讲解。,情态动词（Modal Verbs）,cancouldmaymightmustought to,shallshouldwill would,半情态动词 need dare be able to have tohad better,所有这些情态动词、半情态动词之后都接不带to的不定式，即动词原形。除be able to和have to中的be和have有人称、数和时态的变化外，其它情态动词都适用于各种人称，并且没有时态变化。,
5、can,could,be able to,can 可用于表能力，可能性及许可。He is only four,but he can read.Can this news be true?Can I smoke here?could 可以作为can的过去式，表过去的能力，或用在间接引语中表过去的可能或许可;还可表示委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法。I could swim when I was only six.Father said I could swim in the river.Could I use your bike?,can 表能力时be able to,但can 强调一贯的能力，be
6、 able to 更强调通过努力可以达到的能力,相当于manage to do sth.或 succeed in doing sth.I cant swim.But I am sure I will be able to swim through more practice.The fire spread through the hotel,but everyone was able to get out.When the boat sank,he was able to swim to the bank.,may,might,may表请求、可以、允许。You may drive the tr
7、actor.May I come in?Yes,please./Certainly.No,you cant.No,you mustnt.No,youd better not.may/might 表推测,可能，might 可能性更小.,may be与maybe,maybe是副词，意为“也许，大概”。它通常放在句子的开头，在句子中作状语。Maybe they wont come here tonight.Maybe she is happy.may be是情态动词may加动词原形be构成的，在句中做谓语，意为“可能是、大概是”，后接形容词、介词短语或名词作表语。She may be at home
8、.=Maybe she is at home.You may be right.=Maybe you are right.,副词 maybe 可单独用作答语，但 may be 不能这样用。如：A：Do you think hell come back?B：Maybe.(Maybe not.)翻译：你的钢笔可能在你的口袋里。他可能是个学生。Your pen may be in your pocket.Maybe your pen is in your pocket.He may be a student.Maybe he is a student.,must,have to,must表必须，必要
9、，强调说话人的主观意愿，而have to 更强调客观需要，“不得不”。I must clean the room.（主观想法）I have to clean the room.（客观需要）在回答must引起的问句时，如果是否定的答复，可用dont have to或neednt(不必)，不用mustnt。Must I go tomorrow?Yes,please./Yes,you must.No,you neednt.No,you dont have to.,must be+表语的结构，通常表示猜测，含有“一定”之意。（只用在肯定句中）He must be an honest boy.This
10、must be your room.have to 有第三人称单数和时态的变化。She/He/It has to.They had to.They will have to.have to的否定和疑问形式必须借助于助动词do来构成。I have to get up early.I dont have to get up so early.Do I have to get up so early?,should,ought to,否定形式should not/shouldnt,ought not to/oughtnt to疑问形式直接用should,ought 提问。你不应该抽这么多烟。You
11、oughtnt to/shouldnt smoke so much.我应不应该给她写信？Should I write to her?Ought I to write to her?,should的特殊用法I find it quite astonishing that he should be so rude to you.我很惊讶他竟然对你如此无礼。I cant think why she should have done such a thing.我不明白她为什么竟然做出这样的事。should常用在从句中表示一种感情色彩，可译为“竟然”。,will和would,will,would作为助动
12、词可以用来构成将来时态。作为情态动词，will/would可以：1.表示意志，决心或愿望。Surely we will support all the people in the world in their struggle for peace.He wouldnt go to see the doctor.2.表示经常性、习惯性的行为，常译为“总是”。She will listen to music alone in her room for hours.He would come to see me when he was in Beijing.,3.用于第二人称作主语的疑问句中，表示对
13、对方的请求，would的语气比will委婉。Would/will you please tell me the way to the station?4.表猜测，“大概”，“可能”This will be the book you are looking for.She would be about 60 when she died.,1.John gets upset when he _ understand a problem.2.My pen is out of ink._ you let me use yours?3.Youd better take the umbrella with
14、 you;it _ rain.4.I asked him for the keys,but he _ give them to me.5.Her brother died suddenly.She _ be very sad.,cant,Will/Would,may/might,would not,must,Exercise:Fill in each blank with a modal verb.,6.Are you coming to Jeffs party?Im not sure.I _ go to the concert instead.7.Will you stay for lunc
15、h?Sorry,I _.My brother is coming to see me.,may/might,cant,need,既可以做实义动词，也可以做情态动词。做实义动词,有人称和时态的变化：I need some help.(need sth.)He needs to get some sleep.(need to do sth.)His hair needed cutting.(need doing 主动表被动)此时，否定和疑问都要用助动词do 构成。I dont need any help./Do you need any help?He doesnt need to get any
16、 sleep./Does he need to.?His hair didnt need cutting./Did his hair need cutting?,做情态动词,后接动词原形，没有人称和时态变化一般只用在否定句和疑问句中：sb.neednt do sth.,指“不必.”You neednt wait for me.She neednt write to him.He said she neednt write to him.疑问句可由need直接构成，不必借助于助动词do.Need she write to him?Need I wait for you?Yes,you must.
17、/No,you neednt.肯定回答用must,否定回答用neednt.,判断下列句子对错：She need some paper.She needs some paper.Need you any help?Do you need any help?I neednt any help.I dont need any help.You dont need wait for me.You dont need to wait for me.You neednt wait for me.,(),(),(),(),dare 敢.,既可以做实义动词，也可以做情态动词。做情态动词，无人称变化，只用于否定
18、句和疑问句中,后接动词原形。Dare you go there alone?I dare not go there alone.做实义动词，常跟不定式，dare to do sth.，此时疑问和否定须借助助动词。He dares to speak before a big audience.Did he dare(to)speak before.He doesnt dare(to)speak before.dare做实义动词时，疑问句和否定句中的不定式符号可以省略。,情态动词have done,情态动词完成式的用法主要有两方面的含义：1.表示对已经发生的情况的推测：must have done
19、 cant/couldnt have done may/might have done 2.表示一种虚拟语气：could have done should have done/ought to have done should not have done/ought not to have done neednt have done,常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生行为的肯定推测，含有“一定”、“准是”的意思。She must have studied English before.她以前一定学过英语。The road is wet.It must have rained last night.
20、路是湿的，昨夜一定下过雨。,must have done,表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成“不可能做过某事”。史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。Mr.Smith cant have gone to Beijing,for I saw him in the library just now.玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家了。Mary cant have stolen your money.She has gone home.,cant have done/couldnt have done,may/might have done,表示对过去发生行为的不太肯定的推测，含有“可能”、“也许
21、是”的意思。He may have finished his homework.他也许已经完成了作业。He might not have settled the question.他可能尚未解决那个问题。,could have done,表示本来能够完成的动作但没有完成。You could have completed the task a little earlier.你本来能够早一点完成任务的。（事实上并没有早一点完成）I could have passed the exam easily but I made too many stupid mistakes.我本来可以很轻松地通过考试，
22、但是我犯了太多愚蠢的错误（因此没能通过）。,should have done/ought to have done表示过去该做而实际上未做的动作或行为；其否定形式should not have done/ought not to have done则表示发生了不应该发生的行为。I should have thought of that.这一点我本来应当想到的。（但没想到）They should not have left so soon.他们本不应该走得这么早。（但已走了）你本不应该告诉她真相的。You should not have told her the truth.,should/should not have done,表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，意为“本没必要”。You neednt have woken me up;I dont have to go to work today.你本来没必要叫醒我（但已经叫了），我今天不用上班。She neednt have come here so early.她本来不必要来这么早。（但事实上她已经来了）注意：did not need to do 动作并没发生 Yesterday I didnt need to get up early,so I got up at 9 a.m.,neednt have done,
