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1、名词及主谓一致,主谓一致：主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上保持一致，应遵循以下三个原则：语法一致：主语为单数，谓语动词用单数；主语为复数，谓语动词用复数。意义一致：主语形式为单数，意义是复数，谓语动词用复数；主语形式为复数，意义是单数，谓语动词用单数。就近一致：谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近他的主语。,一、并列主语的主谓一致 1.and和bothand连接的两个名词作主语，表示不同的人或事物，其概念是复数，句子的谓语动词用复数。此时意为“和”Eg.Her teacher and her friend are in the siting-room.她的老师和她的朋友都在客厅。,2.a
2、nd连接的两个名词作主语，指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，句子的谓语动词用单数；此时，后一个名词前不用冠词。此时and意为“兼”。Eg.The poet and writer has produced many works.这位诗人兼作家创造了很多作品,3.or,nor,eitheror,neithernor,notbut，not onlybut also等连接的名词（或代词）作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应依据就近一致的原则，与最邻近的主语一致。Eg.Either you or he is to go.要么你去，要么他去。4.each/every+名词单数+（each/every）+名词单数
3、，谓语动词用单数Eg.Each boy and each girl has been invited to the tea-party.每个男孩和每个女孩都被邀请参加茶话会。,5.当主语后面跟有as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to等连接的名词时，其谓语动词的单复数与这类短语前的主语一致。（就前原则）Eg.The teacher as well as the students was
4、reading in the library.老师和学生们在图书管里看书。A woman with two children has come.一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。,二 某些名词作主语时的主谓一致1 某些集体名词，如family,public,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee等作主语时，谓语的数要依据主语所表示的意义来决定。如果该集体名词表达的意义是一个整体时，谓语动词用单数；如表达的是集体中的个体时，谓语动词用复数。Eg.Our family is a happy one.我们有个幸福的家庭。（指我们家这个整体）The family
5、 are early rises.这家人都起得早。（指这家的人，为个体）,2.通常表示复数意义的集体名词，如people,police,cattle(牛),folk,youth等作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数；通常用作不可数名词的集体名词，如equipment,furniture作主语时，谓语动词用单数。3.单复数同形的名词，如means(方法)，works（工厂），species(种类)，Chinese,Japanese等作主语时，依据意义一致的原则，当表示单数意义时，谓语动词用单数；反之，谓语动词用复数。Eg.Every possible means has been tried,but i
6、n vain.每种可能的办法都试过了，但还是徒劳。All possible means have been tried,but in vain.所有可能的办法都试过了，但还是徒劳。,三、表示数量的名词作主语时的主谓一致1.当名词词组的中心词为表示时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词时，可根据意义一致的原则，将这些复数名词看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。Eg.Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.五分钟足够做这个练习。,2.“a(great)number of/many/a few+可数名词复数”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Eg.A number of sci
7、entists are searching for a cure for the deadly disease.许多科学家正在寻找治愈这种致命疾病的方法。“a number of+名词复数”表示“许多”，中心词为名词复数，故谓语动词用复数；而“the number of+名词复数”表示“的数量”，中心词则为number,故谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。Eg.A number of students have gone home.许多学生已经回家了。The number of pages in this book is two hundred.这本书有两百页。,3.“some/a lot of/
8、lots of/plenty of/the rest of+可数名词/不可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。Eg.Plenty of English books are on the shelf.书架上有很多英文书。Lots of damage was caused by fire.火灾造成了巨大的损失。,5.a large quantity of 和large quantities of表示“许多，大量”，既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词；a large amount of和large amounts of表示“许多，大量”，只修饰不可数名词。以上四个短
9、语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于quantity/amount的单复数。Eg.Quantities of food/nuts were on the table.桌上有不少食物和坚果。A large amount of water has been polluted.=large amounts of water have been polluted.大量水已被污染。,6.“分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。Eg.Three-fifths of the workers are women.这里五分之三的工人是妇女。About three-fou
10、rths of the earths surface is covered with water.地球表面约四分之三的面积被水覆盖。【注意】population作主语，谓语用单数；但被分数、百分数修饰时，谓语动词则用复数。Eg.Two-thirds of the population here are workers.这儿人口的三分之二是工人。The entire population of the town was present at the meeting.全镇的居民都出席了会议。,7.kind作主语时谓语动词的单复数：（1）this kind of book=a book of thi
11、s kind(这种书),作主语时，谓语动词用单数。（2）this kind of men=men of this kind(这类人)，常用语口语。当this kind of men作主语时，谓语动词用单数；当men of this kind作主语时，谓语动词用复数。（3）“all kinds of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Eg.This kind of book(=A book of this kind)is worth reading.这种书值得一读。Men of this kind are dangerous.这种人很危险。This kind of men is dangero
12、us.这种人很危险。,8.“many a+单数名词”（许多），“more than one+单数名词”（不止）作主语时，尽管意义表示复数，但谓语动词用单数。“more than+基数词+复数名词”或“more+复数名词+than one”作主语时，谓语动词用复数。Eg.Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.许多艘船在暴风雨中损坏了。More than one student has seen the film.不止一个学生看过这部电影。,四、其他情况下谓语动词的主谓一致。1.there be结构中的谓语动词应与最靠近谓语动词的名词的单复数一致。Eg
13、.There is a desk and some chairs in the room.房间里有一张桌子和几把椅子。2.（动名词、不定式）短语、从句或句子作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。Eg.That he likes Mary is known to all of his friends.他的很多朋友都知道他喜欢玛丽。,3.学科名称的名词或国名、地名、书名、组织机构等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。Eg.Physics is a fundamental subject in science.物理学是一门十分重要的科学科目。4.表示时间、距离、钱额、重量、空间、体积等意义的复数名词作主
14、语时，谓语动词要用单数。Eg.Eight hours of sleep is enough.八小时睡眠就足够了。A hundred miles is a long distance.一百英里是很长的距离。,More than two hundred people have turned up at the party.有两百多人出现在聚会上。More persons than one have voted against him.6.(动名词、不定式)短语、从句或句子作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。Eg.That he likes Mary is known to all of his frie
15、nds.他的很多朋友都知道他喜欢玛丽。,7.“分数/百分数+of+名词”作主语时，谓语动词要与短语中of后面的名词的数保持一致。Eg.Three-fifths of the workers here are women.这里五分之三的工人是妇女。About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water.地球表面约四分之三的面积被水覆盖。,5复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数。Eg.Everybody is her.Nothing is impossible.,名词易混词辨析：1.scene,scenery,view&si
16、ght(1)scene,“（戏剧中的）一场；（电影、书中的）场景；（某地方或图画中的）景色；（事故或罪行的）发生地点、现场；情景，景象”。常用词组on the scene,“出现，到场，在场”（2）scenery指一个国家或地区的整体自然风景，是不可数名词；（3）view表示视野、眼界，常指从某一固定位置看到的景色。（4）sight侧重指旅游观光的风光，包括城市景色或自然风景。也指人造景物或奇特的景色。,2.accident,incident&event(1)accident通常指意外或偶然发生的事故，常指不幸的，伤害性的事故。常用词组by accident(=accidentally)。(2
17、)incident多指较小的事件、小插曲或人生中所碰到的虽小但留下较深印象的平凡事情，也可以指外交、政治方面的重大事件。(3)event常指重大事件、体育赛事或赛事中的项目等。,3.award,prize&reward(1)award指为鼓励在工作中达到或完成所提出的要求或条件的人而进行的奖励，往往强调荣誉而不在乎奖品的大小或奖金的多少，多指奖状或其他表彰物。(2)prize指赢得比赛所获得的奖金或有价值的东西。(3)reward 指对某人的工作或服务等的报答，也指因帮助警察抓到罪犯或帮助失主找到东西而得到的赏金、报酬。,4.symbol,sign,mark&signal(1)symbol 指
18、作为象征或表达某种深邃意义的特殊食物。(2)sign 指具有固定意义的一种简明符号或标志，也可指事件发生的先兆，迹象等。(3)mark 指在其他事物上留下的清晰可见的印痕或先天固有的标志。(4)signal“信号”，常指约定俗成的、用于传达某些信息的信号，也指灯光、声音或信号标志。,5.cause,reason&excuse(1)cause 意为“起因，原因”，指引起某种结果的必然原因，常用搭配the cause of(2)reason 意为“理由，原因”，指用以解释某些已发生的事情的理由，常用搭配the reason for(3)excuse 指为免受指责和推卸责任而找的“借口”excuse
19、 for,6.condition,situation,state(1)condition 意为“条件；情况，状况”，作不可数名词，指人或物所处的状况，这时与state意义相近。复数形式conditions多指一般的、笼统的情况，意为“条件”。(2)situation 指某一时间由于各种情况造成的“处境，形势”。(3)state 指人或事物所处的状态或状况，为可数名词，还表示思想、感情、心理等状态。常用词组in a state of,练习：1.Listening to loud music at rock concerts _ caused hearing loss in some teenag
20、ers.A.isB.areC.hasD.haveC2.Such poets as Shakespeare _ widely read,of whose works,however,some _ difficult to understand.A.are,areB.is,isC.are,isD.is,areA3.Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the women who _ evening dress.A.wearB.wearsC.has wornD.have wornB4.The number of foreign st
21、udents attending Chinese universities _ rising steadily since 1990.A.isB.areC.has beenD.have beenC,5.Dr.Smith,together with his wife and daughters,_ visit Beijing this summer.A.is going toB.are going to C.was going toD.were going toA6.The teacher together with the students _ discussing Reading Skill
22、s that _ newly published in America.A.are,wereB.is,wereC.are,wasD.is,wasD7.Either you or one of your students _ to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.A.areB.isC.haveD.beB8.The factory used 65 percent of the raw materials,the rest of which _ saved for other purposes.A.isB.areC.wasD.wereD,9.One-t
23、hird of the country _ covered with trees and the majority of the citizens _ black people.A.is;areB.is;isC.are;areD.are;isA10.It is reported that many a new house _ at present in the disaster area.A.are being builtB.were being built C.was being builtD.is being builtD11.Did you go to the show last nig
24、ht?-Yeah.Every boy and girl in the area _ invited.A.wereB.have beenC.has beenD.wasD12.At present,one of the arguments in favor of the new airport _ that it will bring a lot of jobs to the area.A.isB.areC.will beD.wasA,13.Mom used only half of the money,the rest of which _ saved for other purposes.A.
25、isB.areC.wasD.wereC14.Not only John and Tom but also their sister,Mary,_ great interest in the piano lessons.A.takeB.takes C.have takenD.had takenB15.Facing the economic depression,every possible means _ this year to save the company from going bankrupt.A.has been triedB.has triedC.have been tried D.have tried.A,
