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1、,名词性从句,名词性从句分为四种：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。因为它们都可以由名词充当（名词作主语、宾语、表语和同位语），因此被统称为名词性从句。四种名词性从句的共同特点是：它们的语序都是陈述的语序。,主语从句,主语从句在句中做主语。它可以放在主句谓语动词之前，但多数情况下是由it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在主句之后。如：Who did that is known to all.是谁干的早已众所周知。It is interesting that you should like him.真有趣，你竟然会喜欢他。,1.连词that(无词义,不作成分,不能省略);whether(是否)
2、;That he will come and help us is certain.Whether we will succeed is still a question.It is not known whether he will come.,注意:已确定的事由that引导;没决定的事由whether引导.,2.常见的用it作形式主语的复合结构:It is+名词+that从句；It is a fact(a pity，a shame，no wonder，good news.)that.It is+形容词+that从句；It is necessary(strange，important，won
3、derful，possible，likely，.)that.这类句中谓语动词多为(should)+动词原形 It is+过去分词+that 从句；It is said(reported，decided，believed，.)that.It+不及物动词+that 从句；It seems(happened，doesnt matter，has turned out，.)that.,3.特殊句式,1.I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full.A.it B.that C.these D.them 2.I feel _ strange that he
4、 should be so careless.A./B.it C.that D.how 3.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning grey.Awhile B.that C.if D.for,为了使句子保持平衡，常用it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中。,4.主语从句的主谓一致,1.主语从句通常被看作一个整体,主句的谓语动词用单数形式.That they will come is certain.,2.由who,whoever引导的主语从句的单复数要视从句中的单复数而定.W
5、hoever say that are to be punished.Who are going there have been decided.,3.What 引导主语从句时,主句谓语动词的单复数由表语的单复数决定.What he wants are these books.What he wants is some water.,表语从句,表语从句即在句中作表语的从句。它位于连系动词(如be，seem，remain 等后)。按引导词的不同，可分为下面三类：(1)由从属连词引导（if不能引导表语从句）如：The fact is that we are behind other groups.
6、事实是我们落后于别的组。(2)由连接代词引导。如：China is not what it used to be.中国已不是从前那个样子了。(3)由连接副词引导。如：This is where you are wrong.这正是你错的地方。,(4)有时as，as if，as though，because也可以引导表语从句。如：Things are not always as they seem to be.事情并不总是像表面上看来的那样。It looks as if it were going to rain.天看上去好像要下雨。It is because you eat too much.那
7、是因为你吃得太多。,as if 引导的表语从句有时可用虚拟语气，表示可能性小 He acted as if he hadnt eaten for a long time.表示建议命令要求一类的表语从句要用虚拟语气:My suggestion is that you should practise reading English every day.,表语从句的引导词与主语从句和宾语从句相同.但:1.that引导表语从句时不能省.2.if不能引导表语从句.3.seem,appear后可接that引导的从句,而look则不可.这三个词后都可用as if/as though 引导从句.It seem
8、s/appears that he was late for the train yesterday.It seems/appears/looks as if we have to go home on foot.,关于引导词的说明,宾语从句,宾语从句即在句中作宾语的从句。在谓语动词、介词、动词不定式等后面都可以接宾语从句，宾语从句的用法必须把握三个关键点：连接词、语序和时态。1.宾语从句的时态(1)在含有宾语从句的主从复合句中，当主句的谓语动词为过去时态时，从句须用表示过去的某种时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。如：He asked when they would go
9、 to the party.他问他们什么时候将去参加聚会。Miss Green said she had been to Beijing before.格林小姐说她以前曾经去过北京。,(2)在宾语从句中，当主句的时态为一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时等时态时，后面从句的时态不受主句限制，可根据情况，先用适合的时态。如：Do you know when well have a football match?你知道我们什么时候举行足球赛吗？You know he has gone to Shanghai.你知道他已经去上海了。(3)当宾语从句表述的是客观事实、科学真理、现在的习惯动作以及格言等时
10、，其时态不受主句限制，都用一般现在时。如：The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.老师告诉我们光比声音的速度要快。,2.宾语从句的语序(1)如果是助动词do，does，did构成的疑问句，在转换为宾语从句时，要去掉这些助动词，从句中的谓语动词要根据主句的时态作出相应的变化。如：Does he sing well?The teacher asked him.Teacher asked him whether/if he sang well.(2)如果是will，be，have，can等助动词、情态动词构成的问句，在转换为宾
11、语从句时，要把这类词还原到句中原来谓语的位置上，同时根据主句的时态作出相应的变化。如：She asked me.Will you be free tomorrow?She asked me if I would be free the next day.提示：带有宾语从句的复合句的标点符号，取决于主句的句式，与从句无关。若主句是陈述句，句末用句号，主句是疑问句则用问号。,3.宾语从句的引导词 宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，连接宾语从句的连词有that，whether与if。另外有连接代词what，which，who，whom及连接副词when，where，how，why。具体如下：(1)宾语
12、从句的句子是陈述句用that引导，that可以省略。如：He knew(that)he should study hard.他知道他应该努力学习。(2)宾语从句的句子是一般疑问句用if或whether引导。如：He asked me if/whether he could come in.他问我他能否进来。(3)作为宾语从句的句子若是特殊疑问句，用特殊疑问词引导。如：Can you tell me which class you are in?你能告诉我你在哪个班吗？,2.当that 引导的从句作复合宾语的第一个成分时，需用先行词it 作形式宾语，把从句放到句末，that 不能省略。如：,We
13、 consider it possible that he is ill.I heard it said that he had gone to Australia.,1.由连词that 引导:that 常可省略。,I told him(that)I would come back soon.,注：并列第二个以上的宾语从句,或有插入语时不能省略that.),He said(that)he had finished reading this novel and that he would borrow another one.,关于that的说明,3.当that作介词宾语时，that不可省掉。,
14、The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.,（1）作动词的宾语:He doesnt know where the post office is.他不知道邮局在哪里,作宾语的情形,动词suggest，order，demand，require等表示建议命令要求的宾语从句要用虚拟语气(宾语从句的谓语用should+动词原形，should 可省略)I suggested that you(should)start right now.我建议你马上开始,如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，要用形式宾语it，而将从句放到补足语后面 I
15、thought it strange that he didnt pass the exam.我觉得他没通过考试很奇怪,在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果从句谓语是否定含义，则不用否定形式，而将主句谓语动词think等变为否定形式 I dont think you are right.我想你是不对的 He doesnt know where the post office is.他不知道邮局在哪里,在think，believe，imagine，suppose，guess，hope等动词以及Im afraid等后，可用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，
16、还可用not代替一个否定的宾语从句:Do you believe it will clear up?你认为天会放晴吗?I believe so.(I dont believe so./I believe not.)我认为会(我认为不会),Hope(否定)常用：I hope not,(2)作介词的宾语:Did she say anything about how we should do the work?他有没有说我们应当怎样做这个工作?That引导的宾语从句只有在except，in，but，besides等少数介词后偶尔可能用到 Your article is good except tha
17、t it is too long.除了太长外，你的论文很好 有时在介词和其宾语从句的中间加形式宾语it Ill see to it that everything is ready.我将负责把一切准备好,(3)作形容词的宾语:Im afraid that I have made a mistake.if和whether引导宾语从句的区别，即用whether不用if的情况有:作介词宾语，用于whether+to dowhether or not和用作discuss的宾语等,It depends on whether it is fine.要看天气是否晴朗 Im not sure whether
18、to leave this afternoon.我不敢肯定今天下午是不是要出发 He can not decide whether or not to take the exam.他不能决定参不参加考试 We are discussing whether we will hold a meeting this weekend.我们在讨论这个周末是否要举行一场会议,doubt用于肯定句中，宾语从句可以用if或whether引导 I doubt if(whether)you will come for a visit tomorrow.我怀疑你明天是否要来拜访一下,doubt用于否定句或疑问句中，
19、宾语从句用that引导 He doesnt doubt that his mother will give him a ride home for sure.他很确信他的妈妈会开车带他回家,同位语从句,同位语从句一般跟在某些名词的后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词。引导同位语从句的连接代词that,连接副词how,when,where等。（1）常见的标志词有:Idea,belief,doubt,fact,hope,news,possibility,thought,promise,advise,suggest,proposal,demand,request,wish,word,message,inf
20、ormation,truth,case,problem,question；.The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.计算机可以识别人的声音，这种想法使许多人感到惊奇。,We must remember the fact that goats usually live in mountainous country.我们得记住山羊总是生活在山区这一事实。（2）how，when，where，why等连接副词也可引导同位语从句，在从句中可作成分，但引导的句子不修饰前面的标志词，只说明内容。如:I
21、have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候会回来。,在have no idea 之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.,I have no idea where he has gone.I have no idea when he did it.I have no idea what he did.,1）主语从句应注意的地方：(a)连接代词that不可省略。如：That he will come is certain。(that不可省略)他肯定会来。(b)主语从句较长时，多放在句子后部，用it作形式主语。如：It has not been decided w
22、hen they will leave for New York.他们什么时候动身去纽约还没有决定。,名词性从句应注意的地方,(c)在it is a pity，it is a shame，it is strange（surprising），it is no wonder，it is（necessary，essential，important）等结构后的主语从句中常采用虚拟语气形式：“should动词原形/完成式”，表示遗憾、惊奇、重要等，should有时可以省略。如：It is a great pity that he should be so greedy.真遗憾，他竟然那么贪婪。It is
23、 strange that he should have failed to see his own shortcomings.真奇怪，他竟没有看出自己的缺点。,acould/would是委婉语气，而不是过去式，因此宾语从句的时态根据实际情况用不同时态。,Could you please tell me where we show our tickets?Could you tell us which gate we have to go to?Would you like to know when he will come back?,2）宾语从句应注意的地方：,b.如果主句的谓语动词是as
24、k时，连词不可能是that；如果主句的谓语动词是say时，连词用that。,She says(that)she will leave a message on his desk.He said(that)he was going to take care of the child.He asks if I like playing the piano.You may ask the man over there how you can get to the bus station.,d.if和whether引导宾语从句时，常常可以互换，但whether常和or not连用，而if则习惯上不与o
25、r not 连用；另外，介词宾语从句不能用if，这时只能用whether。如：I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知道这是否是真的。Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.一切都要看我们是否有足够的经验。,c.如何辨别表语从句和宾语从句：表语从句跟在连系动词后，而宾语从句跟在及物动词或介词后。,3）同位语从句应注意的地方：(a)常见的跟同位语从句的名词有：fact，news，hope，truth，idea，suggestion，thought，question，order，proble
26、m，belief，doubt，fear等。,(b)同位语从句与定语从句的区别：前者说明名词的内容，后者说明性质特征；前者所用的连词不是从句中的一个成分，后者所用的关系代词that是句子中的一个成分。较长时，多放在句子后部，用it作形式主语。试比较：He put forward the suggestion that the second question should be discussed first.(同位语从句)他建议先讨论第二个问题。The suggestion that he put forward was turned down.(定语从句)他提出的建议被拒绝了。,The new
27、s that they won the match is true.他们赢得比赛的消息是真的(同位语从句，news和从句没有逻辑关系，that不可省略)The news that you told us yesterday is true.你昨天告诉我的那个消息是真的(定语从句，news 是told 的逻辑宾语，that可省略),从意义上讲，前者对名词加以解释说明，后者对名词进行修饰限定从结构上讲，前者由连接词引导，后者由关系词引导从内涵上讲，前者所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系，that不可省略后者所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语宾语表语定语状语等当被限定的名词是从句逻辑上的宾语时，that 可
28、省略,practise:,1._ he will be sent to Hainan is certain.A.Why B.Whether C.That D.How2.It isnt decided yet _ we will attend the meeting.A.if B.why C.that D.whether3._ they have won the game made us excited.A./B.That C.What D.Where4.The gentleman insisted that he _ the wallet.A.had not seen B.not see C.
29、would not see D.did not see5.You can write about _ topic you like.A.which B.whose C.whatever D.no matter what,6._ think will take care of the children?A.Who you B.who do you C.Whom you D.Whom do you7.Hed like to know what _ today.A.the weather looks B.does the weather look C.the weather looks like D
30、.does the weather look like8.Is that your watch?No,I cant tell _.A.whose is that watch B.whose that watch is C.whose watch is that D.whose watch is9.No one can be sure _ in a million years.A.what man will look like B.what will man look like C.man will look like what D.what look will man like,10.Id l
31、ike to know _ tomorrow.A.if it rain B.how is the weather like C.what the weather is like D.if will the weather be fine11.Lei Feng was always thinking of _ he could help others.A.that B.how C.whom D.which12.Tom was disappointed that most of the guests _ when he _ at the party.A.left;had arrived B.lef
32、t;arrived13.The question is _ you should do next.A.what B.that C.how D.why,14.I know nothing about her but _ she is from Canada.A.how B.when C.that D.why15.It depends on _ we have enough time.A.if B.if or not C.that D.whether16._ he doesnt like them is very clear.A.What B.That C.Which D.Where17.The
33、green typewriter is mine.Do you know whose typewriter _?A.is this blue one B.this blue one C.it is this blue one D.this blue one is18.The reason _ nothing on earth is motionless is _ the earth is in constant motion（运动）.A.why;that B.that;why C.of;that D.that;because,19._ proves that my advice is righ
34、t.A.It will happen that B.That has happened C.What has happened D.When it happens20.What a pity _ is _ you didnt arrive by day.A.there;because B.it;that C.he;when D.that;for21.I believe _ youve done your best and _ things will happen.Thank you.A.That;/B./;/C.what;that D./;that22.Please give the book
35、 to _ wins the first prize.A.who B.whom C.whoever D.whomever,23.The fire destroyed _ was in the building.A.all B.what C.that D.which24.The question he asked was _the electrical equipment should be stored.A.what B.which C.where D.because25.These photographs will show you _.A.what our village looks li
36、ke B.what does our village look like C.how our village looks like D.how does our village look like26.A mans worth lies not so much in _ he has as in _ he is.A.that;what B.what;what C.that;that D.what;that,27._I told you just now was _ had been written in the letter.A.What;what B.That;that C.Whether
37、D.If;who28._studies hard will pass the examination.A.Whoever B.Any student C.Who D.Those who29.Does _ matter if he cant finish the job in time?A.it B.this C.that D.he30._ is unknown to us all.A.Where did he get it B.Where he got itC.That where he got D.Which he got it31._ he said at the meeting asto
38、nished everybody present.A.What B.That C.The fact D.The matter,32._ we cant get seems better than _ we have.A.What,what B.What,that C.That,that D.That,what33.It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray.A,while B.that C.if D.for34.Do you remember _ he came?Yes,I do,he came by car.A.how B.when C.
39、that D.if35.Go and get your coat.Its _ you left it.A.there B.where C.there where D.where there36.It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants.A.however B.whatever C.whichever D.whenever,37.Can you tell me _?A.who is that woman B.who the woman isC.whom is the woman D.that woman
40、 is38.The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all.A.that B.what C.why D.which39.The mountain is no longer _ it used toA.which B.that C.as D.what40.Jack said _ to meet the American friends.A.which he pleased B.he is pleasedC.that he was pleased D.what he was pleased,41.I wonder _ to come here a
41、nd get my false teeth fixed.A.I have how many times B.how many times have I C.how many times will I have D.how many times I have42.I dont doubt _ my friend,John will come to China soon.A.that B.whether C.if D.when43.Who is _ spoke first?A.what that B.it that C.it it D.what what44.Do you see why the
42、machine doesnt work?Sorry,lets ask the engineer _.A.what is the matter B.what the matter is C.how is the matter D.how the matter is45.You may choose one from _ was left.A.that B.all C.those which D.what,46._ get this machine?A.Do you think where can we B.Where do you think we can C.Where you think w
43、e can D.Where can you think we47.The point is _ we will have our sports meet next week.A.that B.if C.when D.whether48.He got the highest marks in the exam.It was all _ he has worked too hard.A.why B.which C.that D.because49.Go and get your coat.Its _ you left it.A.there B.where C.there where D.where
44、 there,50.The reason why he failed is _ he was too careless.A.because B.that C.for D.because of51.was important to her,she told me,was her family.A.What B.That C.It D.As52.Can you help me?Yes,I will do _I can to help you.A.whatever B.no matter what C.however D.no matter how53._I will go to Beijing f
45、or the 2008 Olympic Games hasnot been decided.A.Whether B.If C.What D.That,54、Could I speak to _ is in charge of the design of the new building,please?A.anyone B.someone C.whoever D.no matter who55.The reason _ he did not join in the training was _ he was ill.A.that,because B.that,why C.why,how D.wh
46、y,that,Key:1-5 C D B A C 6-10 B C B A C 11-15 B D A C D 16-20 B D A C B 21-25 D C B C A 26-30 B A A A B 31-35 A A B A B 36-40 B B A D C 41-45 D A B A D 46-50 B A D B A51-55 A A A C D,句子类型：简单句、并列句、复合句一简单句：从句子结构看，如果句子只包含一个主谓结构，而句子各个成分都只有简单的单词或短语表示，它就是简单句。例句：She is never late for school.注意：两个或多个主语共一个谓语
47、，两个或多个谓语共一个主语，也属于简单句。例句：He and his son are both teachers.They walked and talked along the river.,名词性从句的总结,二并列句：句子中包含两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构。并列句中分句常用一个并列连词来连接，有时可不用，而用一个分号分开。,常见并列连词：but/however/while；for/so/therefore(因此，所以)；and/not only.but also；either.or(不是.而是)；or(否则)；otherwise(要不然),例句：He made a promise but
48、he didnt keep it.(不能和though 连用)Id like to go with you,however,Im so busy.(句中前后加逗号)He is tall while she is short.(表示对比)I must go there,for my sister is waiting for me.(for 前常加逗号)It rains so we dont go out.(不能和because 连用)I dont know much about China;therefore I cant give you some advice.Go straight on
49、 and you will see the shop.He not only said that but also did it.Either come in or go out.Work hard,otherwise(or)you cant pass the exam.,三复合句：如果句子包含两个或更多的主谓结构，其中一个（或更多的）主谓结构充当句子的某一个成分，就是复合句。充当句子成分的主谓结构成为从句，常有从属连词引出，总是用陈述的语气。根据从句在句子中作用，从句分为：名词性从句，形容词性从句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。例句：I dont know when the conce
50、rt begins.Give me the book that you borrowed from the library.When you leave,please close the door.名词性从句：在句子中起名词作用的各种从句。主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。,引导名词从句的连接词：,注意：whether/if 区别whether可引导所有的名词从句，而且能和or（not）连用；但是if只能引导动词后面的宾语从句，且不能和or(not)连用。if 有“如果”的意思，而whether没有。判断：I dont know if I should take his advice
