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1、,商务英语翻译 之 句法翻译,否定句式比较句式被动句式定语从句难句长句,英语和汉语在表示比较的结构形式和使用方法上有较大的差别，从文化差异方面来看，英美人一般不作绝对的肯定或否定，总是作相对的比较，而汉语则习惯于使用最高级形式。此外，还有一些比较句式在汉语中反映不出来。常见的比较句式结构有以下几个方面：,句法翻译之二：比较句式,1）各种比较句式的替换 2）等比句式 3）差比句式 4）极比句式 5）比例句式 6）择比句式 7）介词表示比较8）其他表达方法,比较句式（1）：各种比较句式的替换,从形式上看，英语中表示比较时有三种格式：原级（A is as as B），比较级（A is more th
2、an B）和最高级（A is most），但实际上这些结构形式可以替换使用，翻译时可以灵活处理。Never has China made better economic developments than now.,中国从未取得像现在这样好的经济成就！,A is more than B（A比B）这个结构可以替换成B is not as as A（B不像A那么），意义上没有区别，因此在翻译时可以采用原级形式来处理比较级。,比较句式（1）：各种比较句式的替换,Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other
3、 country,it still imports large numbers of autos from Germany,Japan and Sweden,primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.,尽管美国的汽车产量居世界首位，但它仍然从德国、日本和瑞典进口大量汽车，重要原因是美国市场有这种需求。,原级和比较级按最高级翻译,比较句式（2）：等比句式,等比句式表示两个相比较的事物处于同样情况，翻译时可按原级处理。有以下几种形式：,We have kept business relationship wi
4、th the company for years as it was as creditable as ever.Containerization is an efficient mode of shipment as it is as simple as time-saving.The problems are as numerous as trivial问题既多又繁琐。,asas结构除了表示单纯的比较（“同一样”）以外，还可以用来比较一个事物或人的两个不同特征（的同时存在），可译为“既又”。,我们与那家公司保持多年的商业关系，理由是该公司一贯讲信用。集装箱化是一种高效运货法，这种方法既省时
5、又简单。,注意：并非所有的由as.as引导的句子，都能直接译出；它还可用来比较两个不同事物或人的两个不同特征，表示二者的状况处于同等程度或两个事物之间具有连带关系。译成汉语时，以“而/但”连接两个事物。如：Life here is as cheap as taxis are expensive.（这里的生活支出费用挺低，但乘出租车却贵得要命。）The prisons are as over-crowded as the farmlands are empty（监狱里人满为患，而农田却无人耕种。）,3.A home without love is no more a home than a bo
6、dy without a soul is a man.,没有爱的家不称其为家，正如没有灵魂的躯体不称其为人一样。,no more than和no morethan 这两种结构都表示前者与后者一样，通常翻译成“同一样(不)”(注意顺利)。再比如：,4.Science and religion no more contradict each other than light and electricity.,科学与宗教，就像光与电一样，并不互相矛盾。,比较句式（2）：等比句式,有头脑的人不会指望广告里说的都是真的，同样也不会指望申请工作的人会说出自己的缺点和严重过失。,Nobody with an
7、y sense expects to find the whole truth in advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and more serious faults.,比较句式（2）：等比句式,例外的情况：用于there be和to have这类动词之后，作“同一样”解。He has no more money than you have.他的钱和你一样多。Second-hand smoke is no more harmful than b
8、ad diet,industrial pollution or stress.（间接吸烟与劣质饮食、工业污染和生活紧张同样对人体有害。Ted got no more of the votes than he needed.（特德得到了他所需要的票数。）,6.Fertilizers are to the plant what food is to men.,肥料对植物来说，如同食物对于人一样（重要）。,A is to B what C is to D 这种结构通常翻译成汉语的“A对于B，如同C对于D”，并在形式上略有变化。,7.The talented are to the company as
9、 capital is to the company.,人才对于公司来说如同资本对于公司一样重要。,比较句式（2）：等比句式,注：Reading is to the mind what food is to the body读书之于思维犹如粮食之于身体。该句型常见的变体有“A is to B as C is to D”，“What C is to D，A is to B”；“As C is to Dso is A to B.”等。,One may as well make business transactions via the Internet at home as do business
10、 with the other party in person.,人们在家里通过因特网进行交易，如同亲自与对方做生意一般。,You may as well go to her place as let her come to your place.,你去她那里，如同让她到你这里来一样。,比较句式（2）：等比句式,比较句式（2）：等比句式,10.You may as well go as not,if you wish to do so.去留均可，悉听尊便。解释：“may/might as wellas”是一种比较结构，意为“犹如”、“做与做一样”，也可以说成是“mayas well as”。本
11、句与You may go as well as not,if you wish to do so.意思一样。又如：11.You may as well call a cat a little tiger as call a tiger a big cat.猫可以称为小老虎，犹如老虎可以称为大猫一样。(既可称猫为小老虎，也可称老虎为大猫。),比较句式（2）：等比句式,One may as well watch TV at home as go to cinema.人们在家看电视，如同到电影院看电影一样。One might as well expect the leopard to change
12、its spots as expect him to change his hot temper.不要指望他改掉火暴脾气，如同不可指望豹子去掉身上的斑点一样。12.You might as well expect the beasts of prey to refrain from eating men as expect the imperialists to give up aggression.要希望帝国主义放弃侵略，犹如希望野兽不吃人一样。但要注意与“may as well”(不妨、不如)的区别。例如：Since it s a fine day,you might as well wa
13、lk.may as wellas“如同一样”；might as wellas“不可同样不可”；“犹如”。,13.It is in business as in any other field that people must abide by the law.,在商业和在其他任何领域一样，人们必须遵守纪守法。,It is in(with)as in(with)这种结构通常翻译成汉语的“同一样”“好比”，“犹如”等。,14.It is in studying as in eating;he who does it gets the benefits,and not he who sees it
14、done.,读书和吃饭一样，得益的是吃饭的人，而不是旁观者。,比较句式（2）：等比句式,15.Sufficient funding is no less necessary than good management to the normal operation of a firm.,充足的资金和良好的管理对公司的正常运转同样重要。,no lessthan和no less than：某些no lessthan结构相当于asas,通常翻译成“同样”，“既也”。no less than是no more than的反义词，no more than 可翻译成“只不过”，而no less than可翻译
15、成“多达”，“无异于”。,16.The Chinese government decided to make a purchase of no less than 30 civilian aircrafts from the Boeing Company.,中国政府决定从波音公司购买多达30架民用飞机。,比较句式（2）：等比句式,17.Drunken driving is no less than suicide and killing.,酒后驾车无异于自杀和杀人。,例：China insists always on the need for self-reliance,no less in
16、economic policies than in making revolution.,18.We hoped things would go better,but as it is they are getting worse.,我们原指望事态会变好，可事实上却变得更糟。,as it is：接在假设句之后一句的句首，表示实际情况与假设正相反，可译成“而实际上”，“可是现在”等。当as it is放在句尾或名词、代词后时，表示“按现状，如实地”，可有复数形式和变化形式。再如：,19.If I had been rich at that time,I would have gone to Ja
17、pan.As it is,I missed the chance.,如果当时有钱的话，我就会去了日本，可实际上我没有钱，因而失去了机会。,比较句式（2）：等比句式,He finds fault with me as I am without having anything better to suggest.他只是对我现在的一切加以指责，而没有提出什么良策。,You have to take things as they are.你必须接受事物的现状。,比较句式（2）：等比句式,过去犯的政治错误并没有使他变得更聪明。,The political blunders he committed in
18、 the past made him none the wiser.,nonethe比较级：这种结构含有“同以前一样（不）”的意思，可翻译成“没有更”或“一点儿也不”。,比较句式（2）：等比句式,23.After the treatment,he is none the better.,治疗后,他并没有因此见好(一点儿也不见好)。,The skirt hung in the cupboard is no longer fashionable nowadays,but I treasure it none the less.,挂在壁橱里的那条裙子现在已不再流行了，而我还是珍惜它。,比较句式（3）
19、：差比句式,I suspect more than a few men have encountered the same dilemma,although under different circumstances.,差比句式就是表示“比多”或“比少”的句式，它们有时表示特殊的意思，其形式有几种：,我猜想，尽管场合各不相同，遇到这种窘境的人却不止这么几个。,more than 这种结构可以表示对程度的加强，可翻译成“不止”，“不只”，“不仅仅”，“极其”等。morethan除了表示比较之外，还可代替rather than，译为“与其说不如说”。但是在翻译时应该将than前后两个部分互相交换位
20、置。例如：,The second reason for the amorphous（无定形的，无组织的）nature of political parties in the United States is that each party is more interested in winning elections than in putting across a particular policy or law.,美国政党成分复杂的第二个原因是，每个政党所关心的与其说是要推行一项特定的政策或法律，不如说是要争取在选举中获胜。,It seems that these two branches
21、 of science are mutually dependent and interacting,and that the so-called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.,看来，这两门科学是相互依存而又相互影响的，因而理论科学家和应用科学家之间的所谓区分，与其说是实际存在的，不如说是表面性的。,比较句式（3）：差比句式,4.The child was less hurt than frightened.,与其说这孩子受了伤，不如说他受到了惊
22、吓。,less than这个结构有时可以翻译成“与其说不如说”。,5.I was less angry than surprised.,我并不怎么生气，更多的是我感到吃惊。,比较句式（3）：差比句式,比较句式（3）：差比句式,He got promoted not so much by his utter devotion to his work as by fawning upon（奉承）his supervisor.,The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.,The book is not written so much
23、 for the executives as for the public.,与其说海洋把世界分割开来，不如说把他连接起来了。,他得到提升，与其说是靠对工作的极大投入，不如说是靠巴结上司。,这本书与其说是为了管理人员，倒不如说是为了大众而写的。,not so much相当于less than，同样可以翻译成汉语的“与其说不如说”。依旧。,这些房子非常昂贵，工薪阶层买不起。,These houses are more expensive than low-income people can afford.,more than can/could：这种结构暗含否定意义，是一种含蓄的表达方法。,比较
24、句式（3）：差比句式,10.The car ran out of gas on the way,and what was worse,there was not a single gas station in the vicinity.,汽车在半路上没有油了，更糟糕的是，附近连一个加油站的影子也没有。,whatbe比较级结构：通常作为插入语，表示后者比前者“更”，常用的比较级形容词包括more,worse,rarer,better,happier,odder,more(important,surprising,remarkable,curious,certain)等。有时候比较级前面还可以加上
25、even,still,much等副词来加强语气，有时将what is省略。,11.To fulfill the task requires of us great endeavors,what is more important,selfless loyalty to our firm.,完成这项任务需要我们付出极大的努力，更重要的是，需要我们对公司无私的忠诚。,比较句式（3）：差比句式,12.This year SONY has produced as many game machines again as Microsoft.,今年索尼公司生产的游戏机是微软的两倍。,asagain as：
26、这一结构表示前项是后项的两倍。,13.I have only$200,but I need much again to buy a digital camera.,我只有200美元，而我买数码照相机需要400美元。,比较句式（3）：差比句式,比较句式（4）：极比句式,极比句式就是表示“最”，除了常见的以形容词和副词most以及-est形式所构成的结构之外，还有其他一些情况。例如：nothing/no 比较级：这种结构是最高级的一种委婉的表达方式，有时也可以用few或hardly来表示几乎相同的意思，在翻译时可译成“最”。,To the businessman,nothing is more p
27、recious than time,yet nothing is less valued.,对商人来说，最宝贵的莫过于时间，而最不值钱的也是时间。,几乎没有应聘者比他更适合做这项工作了。,Few candidates are better qualified for the job than he is.,由于我公司缺少必要资金，我非常愿意接受贵方的合作。,As our company is in lack of the necessary capital,we cant be more willing to accept your cooperation.,not比较级than：这种结构是最
28、高级的一种委婉的表达方式。表达方法。,比较句式（4）：极比句式,比较句式（4）：极比句式,asas any:这种结构通常翻译成“最”。,Bill Gates is as rich as any billionaire in the world.,比尔 盖茨是世界上最富有的亿万富翁。,中国的投资环境是世界上最适宜的。,The environment for investment in China is as suitable as any in world.,比较句式（4）：极比句式,否定词+soas：这种结构通常翻译成“最”，“没有比更”。,6.Nothing is so thrilling
29、as a business trip to Europe.,去欧洲进行商务旅行最令人兴奋。,他在打乒乓球时精力显得最充沛。,7.He never looked so energetic as when he played table tennis.,比较句式（4）：极比句式,the last:这一结构表示“最”、“决不”，而它的具体含义要视具体情况而定。再比如：,That company is the last one with which we will conduct business from now on due to its lack of sincerity.,我方今后决不与那家公
30、司做生意，它缺乏诚意。,美国商会正在讨论一个最重要的问题，即是否延长对华最惠国待遇的问题。,The US Chamber of Commerce are discussing a question of last importancewhether or not to extend MFN treatment to China.,比较句式（4）：极比句式,The Japanese aggressors committed the last crime in China as well as in other Asian countries.,日本侵略者在中国以及亚洲其他国家犯下了最恶劣的罪行。
31、,这是最新式的个人电脑。,11.This is the last thing in personal computer.,比较句式（4）：极比句式,of all things 和 of all others：这两种结构通常翻译成“最”，“特别是”。,She is the managing director of all others for the position.,她担任总经理这个职位最为合适。,老板最想见的就是你。,13.You are one of others the boss wants to see.,比较句式（5）：比例句式,比例句式包括平行比较和渐进比较，其结构比较简单。例如
32、：the morethe more：这种结构通常翻译成“越越”。,The more the US government threatens economic sanctions against China,the more defiant China becomes of the United States.,美国越是威胁要对华实行经济制裁，中国就越是与美国对着干。,他商务旅行的次数越多，就越不觉得有新鲜感。,The more business trip he takes,the less exciting he feels.,比较句式（5）：比例句式,moremore：这种结构通常翻译成“越
33、越”。,More haste,less speed.,欲速则不达。,投资风险越大，我们就应该越勇敢。,When there is more investment risk,we should be more courageous.,比较句式（5）：比例句式,(ever)+比较级+and+比较级：这种结构通常翻译成“日益”。,中国正在日益富强。,5.China is growing ever richer and stronger.,比较句式（6）：择比句式,与其干不好，不如不干。,Better do nothing than do a poor job.,择比句式就是在两种选项上选择一个，通常
34、翻译成“与其不如”，“宁可也不”，“喜欢不愿”等。例如：,Generally speaking,I have a preference for Chinese to foreign commodities.,一般来说，我喜欢用中国商品，不愿意用外国商品。,比较句式（7）：介词表示比较,他把财富看得比健康重要，这一点都不奇怪。,1.It is not strange at all that he values wealth above health.,表示数量多少、质量优劣、程度高低等的比较：某些介词可以按照比较级去翻译，这些介词包括：above,before,behind,below,beyo
35、nd,over,under等。,2.Work should come before pleasure.,工作应该先于娱乐。（先工作，后娱乐。）,3.You are half an hour behind your appointed time.,你比约定的时间晚到了半小时。,比较句式（7）：介词表示比较,我的这份与你的相比似乎少了些。,4.My share seems small beside yours.,表示对比、对照的介词：通常有beside,against,for,to等。,5.The marketing manager he hires looks young for her age
36、.,他聘用的这位市场部经理比实际年龄显得年轻。,6.Imported products are superior in quality to domestic ones.,进口产品比国产产品质量要好。,We have made two hundred forty business deals this year as against one hundred forty last year.,今年已做成了二百四十笔交易，而去年只做成了一百四十笔。,比较句式（8）：其他表达法,3.Foreign currency is more valuable than the valuables in for
37、eign trade.4.John is more English than the English.,外汇在对外贸易中无比贵重。约翰是个最地道的英国人。,more+形容词+than+the+同一形容词构成的名词：这种结构可以翻译成“最”，“是当中最”。,Her mother asked her to stop playing with water,but she only did it all the more.她母亲叫她别再玩水了，但她却玩得更厉害了。The conversation about the weather between the Englishmen do not as a rule leave the participants any the wiser;only on rare occasions can information be said to have been exchanged.英国人之间关于天气的谈话一般没什么内容；仅在很少的情况下才可以说双方之间有了信息交流。All/none/so much+the+比较级,译作“更加”、“还是”。,
