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1、Applied linguistics,应用语言学（乐眉云）第一讲王燕芳,Unit 1 What is Applied Linguistics?,A brief historyDefinition and scopeThe role of applied linguisticsTheoretical basesThe nature of applied linguisticsApplied linguistics and the language teacherDiscussion questions,A brief history(abroad),In 1870 Polish linguis
2、t J.Baudouin de Courtenay（博杜恩 德 库尔特内）“applied linguistics”,the distinction between pure linguistics and applied linguistics and the purpose of applied linguistics.,in the 1940s In 1946,the University of Michigan founded the English Language Institute.Under the guidance of Charles C.Fries and Robert
3、Lado,people there studied problems of teaching English to foreigners.They published the famous journal Language Learning,subtitled Journal of Applied Linguistics（1949）.It was the first journal in the world to have the term applied linguistics in its title.,in the 1950sIn the 1950s,along with the rev
4、olution brought about by Chomsky,linguistics shook off the fetters of structuralism.This paved the way for the development of the hybrid disciplines such as sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics.,in the 1960sGenerally speaking,people thought the mid-1960s was the developing period of applied lingui
5、stics.In 1964,the first world conference of Applied Linguistics was held in Nancy,France,and the International Association of Applied Linguistics was set up.This marked the recognition of the status of applied linguistics as an independent discipline.,Why did applied linguistics develop so quick in
6、the 1960s?,There are 4 reasons(Gui,1988:11):The needs of practice.The developing of linguistics itself.The developing of education.The maturity of applied linguistics.,development of applied linguistics in China,When applied linguistics developed quickly abroad,China happened to undergo the Cultural
7、 Revolution.Not until the 10-year Cultural Revolution was over did foreign language teachers have chance to study applied linguistics.However,applied linguistics develops quickly.,In 1980,with the joint initiation,the Conference of Applied Linguistics and English Teaching was held.In 1985,the Intern
8、ational Conference of the Teaching of English in China was held in Guangzhou which was jointly initiated by the Research Association of The Teaching of English in China and Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute.Since 1978,Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute has begun to enroll graduates of linguisti
9、cs and applied linguistics.,Definition and scope,Roughly speaking,applied linguistics is using what we know about(a)language,(b)how it is learned and(c)how it is used,in order to achieve some purposes or solve some problems in the real world.Those purposes are many and varied.,As applied linguistics
10、 is a comparatively new discipline,there is yet no consensus of opinions as to what its definition is and how wide its scope should be.However,the different views on its definition and scope fall into three general categories:,1)The narrow view:This is represented by R.L.Politzer,who discusses appli
11、ed linguistics with particular reference to foreign language teaching.He notes that applied linguistics in foreign language teaching requires the use of linguistics to formulate assumptions.“Applied linguistics”he says,“is ultimately a habit,a way of using linguistic conceptualization to define and
12、solve pedagogical problems”,The broad view:This is represented by David Crystal(1981)and L.Pap(1972)says that applied linguistics“may in effect be considered as a crossroad,an interdisciplinary area,a combination of linguistics with psychology,pedagogy,mathematics,electronics,political science,and s
13、o forth.”In the broad view,therefore,“any definable area of human endeavor”to which“the investigation of the theories,methods and empirical findings of linguistics could be applied”falls into the scope of applied linguistics.,The moderate view:This is represented by J.Richard et al(1985),who compile
14、d Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics.According to them,applied linguistics refers to“applied linguistics of language teaching”,rather than to the broader applications of language study in such area as medicine,law,stylistics,language planning or dictionary compilation.,They say,“in general us
15、age,the term refers to the study of language teaching and learning”.In their view,the content and subject matter of the applied linguistics of language teaching and learning generally include the following areas of study:,1.introductory linguistics,including phonology,phonetics,syntax,morphology and
16、 semantics2.English grammar(or the grammar of the language the student is specializing in)3.discourse analysis4.sociolinguistics,including the sociology of language and communicative competence5.psycholinguistics,including first and second language acquisition SLA,contrastive analysis,error analysis
17、 and learning theories,6.the teaching of listening,speaking,reading and writing7.the methodology of language teaching,including methods,course and syllabus design8.language testing and basic statistics,The role of applied linguistics,Linguistics,etc,Applied linguistics,Language teaching,etc,Theoreti
18、cal bases,Generally speaking,applied discipline is just the counterpart of theoretical discipline.The applied discipline refers to the one which applies the theory,rules,principles,method and findings of the theoretical discipline into the field other than this theoretical field of its own.For examp
19、le,the applied mathematics,applied physics belong to this category.But,applied linguistics is not so.,It has its own characteristics:,a)What applied linguistics applies is not just theories,but also the description of language.For example,the description of sounds can be used to teaching phonetics a
20、nd creating computer language.b)What applied linguistics applies is neither just linguistics.In language teaching and research,people also use psychology,educational theory,statistics and etc.c)The fields applied linguistics is applied into are mostly related to language.It will not applied into the
21、 areas like the machine manufacturing,textile,chemical industry and so on.,The nature of applied linguistics,Applied linguistics has the following characteristic features:1)It is an independent discipline in its own right.2)It is an interdisciplinary science.3)It is an applied science.4)It is an emp
22、irical science.,The early ones are Bloomfield and Charles C.Fries who were involved in specialized language-teaching programs during and immediately after the Second World War,others are S.Pit Corder in Edinburgh University,Jack Richard,Gui Shichun in Guang Wai),Applied linguistics and language teac
23、her,Applied linguistics aims to provide language teachers with good language teaching theories,principles and methodology.The language teacher can benefit from applied linguistics in the following three areas.In short,applied linguistics will help the language teacher teach more effectively.,Referen
24、ces,Baudouin de Courtenay,J.1972.Some general remarks about lingusitics and language.In E.Stankiewicz(ed.),Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology.Bloomington and London:Indiana University PressCorder,S.P.1967.The significance of learners errors.IRAL 5:161-170Fries,C.1945.Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language.Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press.Gui,Shichun.1988.Applied Linguistics.Changsha:Hunan Education Press.,Assignment,Discussion questions,
