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1、,Chapter 5 Word-formation in English,Minor processes of Word Formation,I Revision,PrefixationSuffixationConversionCompounding,Conversion,Definition:assigning the base to a different word class with no change of form.E.g.release-releasefull conversion VS partial conversion(the wealthy,the poor,the ig
2、norant)(1)Conversion to nouns(2)Conversion to verbs(3)Conversion to adjectives(4)Minor categories of conversion,Conversion to nouns.(1)deverbal:dismay,want;fall,laugh;coach,cover;lie,divide(2)de-adjectival:two pints of bitter;they are running in the final.regular,young marrieds.Conversion to verbs.(
3、1)denominal:bottle,peel,nurse,mail(2)de-ajectival:calm,dirty,dry,Compounding,Compounding can occur not only in the three major word class(n./a./v.)but also in other word class:prep.:into,within,by means of,instead of pron.:each other,one another,anybody adv.:somehow,upside down,headlong,Features,Ort
4、hographically(1)solid,e.g.bedtime(2)hyphenated,e.g.above-mentioned(3)open,e.g.reading material Phonologically a main stress on the first and a secondary stress on the second element.e.g.blackbird black bird headmasterSemantically-meaning which may be related to but not simple combination of its part
5、s.(darkroom),Noun compounds,(1)subject and verb sunrise,catcall,daybreak,heartbeat,nightfall crybaby,drift ice,turntable,watchdog cleaning woman,firing machine,wading bird investigating committee,(2)verb and object birth-control,haircut,self-destruction sight-seeing,brainwashing,town-planning,housek
6、eeping language teacher,gamekeeper,matchmaker stockholder call-girl,treadmill;chewing gun,drinking water,(3)Verb and adverbial swimming pool,freezing point,diving board adding machine,sewing machine churchgoing,horse riding,sleepwalking fly-fishing,shadow-boxing backswimmer,city-dweller,daydreamer f
7、ield-work,table talk,night flight,gun fight smallpox vaccination,tax-exemption searchlight,springboard,grindstone,(4)subject and object windmill,cable car,air rifle toy factory,honey-bee,oil well,tear gas cane sugar,bloodstain,telephone receiver security officer,fireman,deckhand,(5)subject and compl
8、ement girl friend,pine tree,feeder bus,tape-measure darkroom,double-talk,hot house,blueprint frogman,catfish,dragonfly,tissue paper raindrop,chocolate bar,sand dune,snow flake tea room,facecloth,flypaper,flowerbed,(6)Combining form and noun agriculture,barometer,horticulture(7)Exocentric compounds b
9、irdbrain,blockhead,Adjective compounds,breathtaking,heartbreaking,law-abiding homemade,handmade,heartfelt,air-borne self-appointed,self-taught,self-styled dry-cleaned,well-meant dustproof,carsick,foolproof,war-weary,tax-free brick red,rock-hard,sea-green,bottle-green grey-green,deaf-mute,Sino-Italia
10、n,aural-oral,Verb compounds,fire-watch,lip-read,brain-wash,house-keep bottle-feed,window-shop,sleep-walk,daydream tick-tock,rat-a-rat,bow-wow,see-saw wishy-washy,dilly-dally,shilly-shally,tip-top,teeny-weeny,汉语中的重叠词,现代汉语的名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词以及量词都可以按照一定的格式重叠。如：AA式：爸爸、抱抱等；AAB式：毛毛雨、悄悄话等；BAA式：亮晶晶、热乎乎等；AABC 式
11、：楚楚动人、心心相印等；BCAA式：可怜巴巴、浓烟滚滚等；AABB式：干干净净、明明白白等；ABAB式：讨论讨论、琢磨琢磨等；A-A式：想一想、看一看等。,Minor processes of Word Formation,Minor process of word formation,I.Abbreviation 缩略法 1.1 Clipping截短词 1.2 Initialism 首字母缩略词 1.3 Acronymy 首字母拼音词 1.4 Blending拼缀词II.Backformation 逆生法III.Analogy 类比法IV.Onomatopoeia 拟声词,缩略法 abbre
12、viation,汉语：提字缩略法：科技、师院、环保、参赛、科研、高校合字缩略法：海内外海内、海外，离退休离休、退休等 流动人口办公室：人流办*汉语中比较独特的数字缩略法:三包包修、包换、包退四有有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律三个代表八荣八耻,中国工商银行ICBC(Industry and Commercial Bank of China)爱存不存！中国农业银行ABC(Agriculture Bank of China)啊，不存！中国银行 BC（Bank of China）不存！中国建设银行CCB（China Construction Bank)存存吧！中国交通银行BCM（China bankc
13、omm)不存吗？招行银行 CMBC（Merchants）存吗？白痴！北京市商业银行BCCB(Beijing City Commercial Bank)“白存存不？”国家开发银行C D B(China Development Bank)存点吧！,Clipping缩短法,-shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original without changing its meaning.e.g.gas(from gasoline)汽油 bus(from omnibus)公共汽车 1)Front clipping 2)Back clipp
14、ing 3)Front and back clipping 4)Middle clipping 5)Phrase clipping 6)Journalist clipping 7)Back clipping+suffix,1)Front clipping:chute(from parachute)降落伞 quake(from earthquake)copter(from helicopter)直升机 2)Back clipping:French fries(from French fried potatoes)memo(from memorandum)备忘录 taxi(from taxicab
15、,cab used in the U.S)dorm(from dormitory),3)Front and back clipping:flu(from influenza)流行性感冒 script(from prescription)处方，药方，对策 tec(from detective),4)Middle clipping curtsy(from curtsey)礼貌，恩惠 maths/math(from mathematics)specs(from spectacles)眼镜5)Phrase clipping lube(from lubricating oil)润滑油 nylons(fr
16、om stockings made by nylon)尼龙长袜 Three-D(from three-dimensional film or form)三维的 zoo-zoological garden 动物园,6)Journalistic clipping Cwlth(from the Commonwealth)联合体，联邦 Dept(from department)部门，系7)Back clipping+suffix aggro:1.n.aggression+-o 暴力行为，恼怒 2.adj.aggressive 激进的，挑衅的 comfy(from comfortable)舒适的，充裕的
17、 hanky/hankie(from handkerchief)手帕,Initialisms 首字母缩略词,Initialisms are words formed by acronymy and pronounced as a sequence of letters.Three kinds of initialismsLetters represent full words字母代表全部词语VOA Voice of America BBC(英籍华侨，英国广播公司)Letters represent constituents in a compound or just parts of a wo
18、rd字母代表一个复合词的构成成分或词的一部分 TV televisionID identification or identity card(Students id)Letter represent one word:BBQ,Acronyms 首字母缩略词,A true acronym is a word formed from the initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.AIDS:acquired immune deficiency syndromeDINK:NILK:no income,lots of kids,Six group
19、s according to Usage,acronyms expressing the names of organizations,etc.AFL-American Football League(美国足球联盟)CIA-Central Intelligence Agency（中央情报局）CNN-Cable News Network（美国有线新闻网）FBI-Federal Bureau of Investigation（美国联邦调查局）NSC-National Security Council（国家安全委员会）NSF-National Science Foundation（国家科学基金会）R
20、AF-BrE Royal Air Force（英国国家空军）TUC-BrE Trade Union Congress(英国劳工联合会),b)acronyms representing the names of mechanisms:ERTS-Earth Resources Technology Satellites(地球资源技术卫星)SST-supersonic transport(超音速运输机)c)acronyms denoting scientific terms:ABD-All But Dissertation(准博士)ESL-English as a Second LanguageTE
21、FL-Teaching English as a Foreign Languaged)acronyms expressing the title of a technical or professional post MA-Master of Arts DA-Doctor of Arts DE-Doctor of Engineering（工程学博士）PhD-Doctor of Philosophy（哲学博士）DSC-Doctor of Science(理学博士),e)acronyms representing common words:aka-also known as(亦称为)TB-tube
22、rculosisOC-oral contraceptive（口服避孕药）f）semi-acronyms（半缩略语）D Notice-Defense Notice（国防机密通知）H-bomb-hydrogen bomb（氢弹）N-bomb-nuclear bomb（核弹）T-shirt-(1920)a collarless short sleeved or sleeveless cotton undershirt,Blending 拼缀法,A blend is a compound word made by blending one word with another word.Blending
23、:combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.e.g.Amerind American Indian Europort European port,Four types according to their morphological structures Head+tail:The first part of the first word+the last part of the second one（brunch,autocide,Eurovision,Japlish）Head+head:the fi
24、rst part of the first word+the first part of the second one（hi-tech,psywa(r),comsat,interpol）Head+word:the first part of the first word+whole form of the second one（medicare,medicaid,lansign,Eurasia）Word+tail:whole form of the first word+the last part of the second one（airtel,profitward,moonmark,lun
25、arnaut）,Backformation逆成法,-The method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes,so called because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the words.去掉所谓的后缀而产生新词的方法，这是因为许多被去掉的后缀不是真正的后缀，而是单词不可分割的部分。The opposite process of suffixation Stylistically,back-formation
26、words are largely informal and some of them have successfully gained currency.,1).From nouns ending in er,-ar,-or,-sion,etc e.g.to automateautomation to edit editor to laselaser to peddlepeddler2).From nouns endings in other forms:e.g.to diagnosediagnosis to enthuseenthusiasm to type-typewriter,3).F
27、rom noun compounding:e.g.to babysitbabysitter to housekeephousekeeper to lip-readlip-reading4).From adjectives e.g.to gloomgloomy to greedgreedy to lazelazy,analogy类比,Single words:Sunrise earthrise,(地出，月球上看地球)moonrise Earthquake starquake（星震）,youthquake（青年大骚动）.Landscape moonscape（月球表面，月面景色）Chairman
28、chairperson,chairwoman Housewife househusband Hamburger beefburger,cheeseburger,shrimpburger Cafeteria candyteria,washeteria,2.Phrases Environmental pollution air pollution,cultural pollution,sound pollution ect.On-the-job off-the-job,Onomatopoeia,is a word or a grouping of words that imitates the s
29、ound it is describing,suggesting its source object,such as click,clang,buzz,or animal noises such as oink,quack,flap,slurp,or meow.拟声法（Onomatopoeia）是英语语言学分支英语修辞学的重要修辞手法。和我们汉语的拟声词有相似之处 汪汪。用词语模拟客观事物的声音,以增强讲话或文字的实际音感。,1、模拟人声murmur(咕哝),whisper(耳语声),giggle(咯咯笑声),hum(哼),ouch(哎呀),hush(嘘),chuckle(抿着嘴轻声地笑),m
30、utter(轻声低语),en(嗯),hi(喂),chatter(唠叨),whoop(喘气声),babble(胡言乱语,含糊不清地说),2、模拟家禽与飞鸟声cock-crow,hencackle,chicken-cheep,duck-quack,goose-cackle,dove-coo,magpie-chatter,parrot-squawk,nightingale-jug.3、模拟兽类声ass-bray,pig-grunt,sheep-baa,horse-neigh,lion-roar,cow-moo,dog-bark,fox-yelp,monkey-jabber,mouse-peep,ti
31、ger-growl,cat-mew,elephant-trumpet,wolf-bowl,Assignment,Explain these words:-ump:沉重地碰击bumpclumpdumplumpplumpstumpthump,-ush:与“水”有关flush,gush,lush,mush,rush,slush,crushfl-:与“火焰”有关Flame,flare,flash,flickersl-:与“滑，滑动，滑的烂泥”有关Slide,slick,sleek,slipsn-:与鼻子有关；不愉快的联想Snore,snort,sniff,sneer-unk:不愉快的联想Junk,drunk,stunk,Assignment,Analyze the minor processes of word-formation in an(original)English passage(at least 5 words)from newspapers,journals,websites,etc.,Thanks!,
