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1、英汉对比研究与翻译,延安大学外国语学院李 艳 教授,A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese and Their Translation Instructor(Professor)：Li Yan,Autumn 2014 A Contrastive Study of English and Chinese and Their Translation Course Description,Introductory Remarks about the Course,.About the course1.Making contrastMaking contr
2、ast is a very important method to know and understand the world and also one of the basic approaches to conduct language research and study.Mr.Zhao Yuanren,the well known Chinese linguist once said,“What so-called linguistic theory,in fact,is making contrast between different languages,a scientific
3、research finding by a synthetically contrastive analysis of languages of various nationalities in the world.”,2.Contrastive study In China,contrastive study is a comparatively new branch of linguistics.However,recent years have witnessed its rapid development and tremendous achievements as the resul
4、ts of the efforts of the researchers.Contrastive study reveals similarities and dissimilarities between the two languages and suggests the dialectic approaches to language study.,3.A contrastive study of English and Chinese A contrastive study of English and Chinese not only helps to form a new meth
5、od,which can be applied in language teaching and translation but also benefits the communication.By contrastive study,language learners can gain a better insight of peculiarities of their mother language and the foreign language.In the process of communication,it is possible for them to be conscious
6、 of the similarities and dissimilarities between the two languages in order to avoid committing mistakes,thus making communication possible.,4.About this course This course offers an introduction to contrastive study on English and Chinese.It is quite necessary for a language learner to learn this c
7、ourse and the Chinese scholar Lian Shuneng has given us an excellent contrastive study on English and Chinese.A few examples will be listed here to illustrate this point.,In the door way lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colours.An idea suddenly struck me.He had surfaced with less visib
8、ility in the policy decisions.,Four kinds of nouns may be transformed into Chinese verbs(英语下列四类名词与汉语动词的转换)1)He gave a description(describe)of the traffic accident2）The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.3)I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is
9、 a better teacher than I.4)have a rest,have a look at,(1)英语动词派生的名词与汉语动词的转换e.g.Liberation,application,insistence,settlement,description,abolition,exploitation（.eksplitein 开发，开采）,refusal,acknowledgement,withdrawal.1)He gave a description(describe)of the traffic accident 他描述了交通事故的情况。(2)英语含有动作意味的名词,在记叙、
10、描写文体中出现了较多,往往可以与汉语动词转换,e.g.sight,sound,close,glance,wave,effusion,walk,view,thought,etc.1）The sight and sound of our jet plane filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。,(3)英语中有些加后缀-er/-or的名词，有时并不表示职业和身份，而是含有较强的动作意味，在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词，往往可以译成汉语的动词,e.g.teacher,forgiver,briefer(作的概述；（向）简单介绍),
11、advocator.I am afraid I cant teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教的好。,比较：She is a well-known singer.她是一位著名的歌唱家。Some of my classmates are good singers.我同班同学中有些人唱歌唱得很好。(4)英语作为习语主体的名词往往可以与汉语动词转换。如：have a rest,have a look at,take care of,make mention
12、 of/make no mention of等,花园里面是人间乐园，有的是吃不完的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎和花不完的金银财宝。The garden was a paradise on earth,with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.汉语“他能吃能睡”，英语该怎么说？,.Required textbooks and reference books1.Lian Shu-neng Contrastive Studies of English and Chinese.
13、Beijing:Higher Education Press,19932.陈定安，英汉比较与翻译中国对外翻译出版公司，19983.Sun Zhili,A New Course book on English-Chinese Translation.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,20034.Shao Zhihong C-E Translation Studies:A Contrastive Approach.Shanghai:East China University of Science and Technology Pr
14、ess,2005,.Course RequirementsStudents are expected to attend all class sessions.(the time during which a school holds classes)If you are absent,a note(a written explanation)must be presented to explain the reason for the absence.When you miss classes,remember it is your responsibility to find out wh
15、at you missed.If you are absent three times,please come to see me immediately.Assignments are due on the day announced in class.All assignments must be submitted ON TIME.Late assignments will not be accepted.So prepare your assignments in advance.All class assignments will be written on the paper ar
16、ranged by our department.,.Grading Attendance,participation,class assignments,translation ability 30%Final Exam70%,.Tentative syllabus:This course can be divided into ten chapters,namely,General Introduction Chapter 1 Synthetic vs.AnalyticChapter 2 Rigid vs.Supple/Compact vs.Diffusive Chapter 3 Hypo
17、tactic vs.Paratactic Chapter4 Complex vs.Simplex Chapter 5 Impersonal vs.Personal Chapter 6 Passive vs.Active Chapter 7 Stative vs.Dynamic Chapter 8 Abstract vs.ConcreteChapter 9 Indirect vs.Direct Chapter10 Substitutive vs.Reiterative,Chapter 1 Synthetic vs.Analytic,.Synthetic language vs.Analytic
18、languageSynthetic language：any language in which syntactic relations within sentences are expressed by inflection(the change in the form of a word that indicates distinctions of tense,person,gender,number,mood,voice,and case)(Latin,German,old English),In Websters Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary,Synt
19、hetic language is“characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”.Latin,German and Old English belong to typical Synthetic language,Analytic language is“characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words,auxiliary verbs,and changes in w
20、ord order to express syntactic relations,rather than of inflected forms”.(Chinese),What about modern English?Modern English comes from the Old English.It preserves the characteristics of the synthetic language,but possesses the characteristics of the analytic language.Modern English is“characterized
21、 by a relatively frequent use of hereditary inflections,form words,and a relatively fixed word order to express syntactic relations.So Modern English belongs to synthetic-analytic language.,.A Contrastive study of Synthetic-analytic English and Analytic Chinese 4 aspects:inflected forms(the change i
22、n the forms of the words)word order form words phonetics1.Inflected forms in English(the change in the forms of words)(Chinese has no the kind of change)(1)Affixation Prefixes and suffixes are added to roots to form new words.Generally speaking,prefixes can add new meaning to the newly formed words
23、and suffixes indicate new meanings and new parts of speech,such as like,dislike,likely.,(2)Additive forms refers to enclitics(inklitik,en-附属字)that are added to the words to indicate the function of the words in sentences.This includes:noun+s/es;pronoun+s/es,eg,yourselves;verb+s/es;verb+ed;verb+ing;a
24、djective/adverb+er/est,and so on.,(3)External forms In English,the combination of verbs,auxiliary verbs and modal verbs can be used to indicates different tenses,voices and mood of the verbs,(4)The function of Particles in Chinese助词particle(grammatical)结构助词structural particle比较级虚助词comparative partic
25、le动态助词aspect particle虚词empty wordform wordfunctional wordfunction word,2.Relatively free word order in English vs.relatively fixed word order in Chinese(1)Differences on inversion(2)Different positions of attributes(3)Different logical thought patterns,3.A Contrastive study of English form words and
26、 Chinese empty words(1)English form words English form words（虚词）are also called function words or structural words.They include:articles,prepositions,auxiliary,co-ordinators,subordinators.,(2)Chinese empty wordsChinese empty words（虚词）include:prepositions,particles(助词),conjunctions.,(3)A Contrastive
27、study of them a.articles(only used in English)b.particles(only used in Chinese)c.Wide use of prepositions in English sentences,Compared with Chinese,prepositions are widely used in English.There are about 286 prepositions in English(about 30 prepositions in Chinese).Compared with English sentences,t
28、here are fewer kinds of function words or connecting devices in Chinese sentences.Chinese sentences emphasize covert coherence.They stress logical sequence,function and meaning.There are about 30 prepositions in Chinese and most of them are borrowed from verbs.,For example,“在，到，朝”can be used as both
29、 verbs and prepositions:(a)车在外面。（The car is outside.）(b)车停在外面。（Park the car outside.）(c)不要在外面停车。（Do not park the car outside.）In sentence(1)在is clearly a verb.In sentence(3)在is clearly a preposition.In sentence(2)在is not a preposition but rather a verb acting as a complement to the main verb 停.,d.Us
30、e of connective words(relatives and conjunctions)in English sentence,4.A Contrastive study of English and Chinese Phonetics English is alphabetic(system of)writing and English sentences have intonation;while Chinese is a kind of writing system of phonogram表音符号，形声字；and Chinese sentences have tones.,T
31、ranslation practice分析语与综合-分析语我家的后面有一个很大的园，相传叫做百草园。现在是早已并屋子一起卖给朱文公的子孙了，连那最末次的相见也已经隔了七八年，其中似乎确凿只有一些野草；但那时却是我的乐园。（鲁迅三味书屋）,Reference version Behind our house was a great garden commonly known as Hundred-Plant Garden.It has long since been sold with the house to the descendants of Zhu Xi,and the last time I saw it,already seven or eight years ago,I am sure there were only weeds there.But it was my paradise when I was a child.(Translated by Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang),
