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1、Intercultural Communication,Cultures in Contrast:Case Studies,Intercultural Communication,Cultures in Contrast:Case Studies,Lecture One Communication across CulturesLecture Two Intercultural PerceptionLecture Three Intercultural Understanding Lecture Four Intercultural Adaptation,Lecture Three Inter
2、cultural Understanding,Lead-in,Why is it necessary to respect various cultures?What contribute to better culture understanding?What factors impede communication?,Like learning a language,developing CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING occurs step by step over time.Development of cultural consciousness is a proces
3、s that starts at the stage of no understanding and moves,in the best case,to the stage of true empathy and cultural respect.,I Warming-up Activities,It is a story about a Chinese mother,Mrs.Zhang and her American daughter-in-law,Susan.At the airport,Susan and her husband,Mrs.Zhangs son,would fly bac
4、k to New York and she was talking to her mother-in-law.Since Mrs.Zhang doesnt know any English Susan can speak little Chinese,Susans husband had to act as the interpreter.Now play the husband and try to translate for the Chinese mother and her American daughter-in-law.,Susan:Mrs.Zhang,come to New Yo
5、rk if you want.Husband:.(1)Mother:不去了，给你们添麻烦。Husband:.(2)Susan:Yes,oh thanks for your delicious food,I like them very much.Husband:.(3)Mother:自家人谢什么。苏珊，你以后可不要再减肥了，身体健康才最重要哪！Husband:.(4)Susan:Thank you!The same to you.Husband:.(5)Mother:啊，谢谢，谢谢！,Questions,How would you translate for the mother and th
6、e daughter-in-law?2.What do you think of the husbands actual translation given below?Is it very different from your translation?If it is,what are the differences?And why are they different?(1)妈妈，您可一定要来纽约看看。(2)Oh,it depends on the physical condition.(3)谢谢妈妈给我们做了那么多的好吃的。(4)Its my pleasure.Susan,I hope
7、 you become even more beautiful.(5)谢谢妈妈，我祝您身体健康。,II Case Study,Case 1:The privacy of Photographs,Rose invited Lili to her home one day.While they were having coffee,Rose showed Lili a few pictures of her boyfriend in a photo album.Lili casually turned to other pages after that.Rose stopped her,“Id r
8、ather you not look at other pictures.”Lili was embarrassed,and apologized,“Im sorry.”,II Case Study,Case 1:The privacy of Photographs,-Chinese perspective,Looking at pictures and sharing memories is often done among friends in China.Pictures are usually not considered to be very private.Once shown a
9、 picture in an album,most people would assume that the rest of the album is there for them to go through.Lili must have thought that Rose was ready to let her look at the other pictures in this case.,II Case Study,-Westerners perspective,Case 1:The privacy of Photographs,A picture album is private a
10、nd not something that one should assume is open to perusal(熟读).However,a lot depends on how the album was presented whether Rose allowed Lili to leaf through the album until she got to the pictures Rose wanted Lili to see,or if Rose opened the album specifically to those pictures.Lili might have avo
11、ided this embarrassing situation by simply asking,“Oh these are lovely.May I look at the rest?”Rose would probably have agreed,and might have even been pleased with Lilis comments.North Americans are sometimes overly sensitive about their privacy and automatically assume an innocent interest is some
12、how an unwelcome invasion of their privacy.That concern can often be dispelled with an expression of respect for privacy;but if not then remember that their reaction usually isnt personal.,II Case Study,Case 2:The privacy of Price,After living in the States for some time,Ping Li observed that Americ
13、ans like to comment on each others looks and clothes.So when she saw a fellow graduate student wearing a nice dress at a party,she complimented her by saying,“This is a very beautiful dress.”“Oh,thank you.I bought it last year before Christmas,”the student was very pleased.“How much was it?”Ping Li
14、asked.“Well,I dont quite remember,”the student seemed unprepared for the question,and answered a little hesitatingly.,II Case Study,Case 2:The privacy of Price,-Chinese perspective,It is not really a Chinese custom to comment on how well someone looks in his/her clothes,as this might embarrass the p
15、erson.However,it has become increasingly common to do so in recent years.In addition,a more Chinese way of commenting on clothes would be asking about the price.In doing so,the person usually has no intention to trying to fin out the other persons financial status;he/she is more interested in findin
16、g out whether the clothes is a bargain or not.As Chinese economy becomes more open to trade and a wider range of consumer goods becomes available,Chinese are developing much more interest in consumerism.Thus they have a natural interest in learning about the prices of different things.As a result,th
17、e price is one o the most frequent topics for discussion when people talk about clothes.,II Case Study,-Westerners perspective,Case 2:The privacy of Price,“Nice people dont ask someone how much something cost.Its rude”is another rule that North Americans are taught from the time they are young.As od
18、d as it may seem,asking the price of something a friend or co-worker shows you is considered to be an invasion of privacy,and marks the person asking as being coarse(粗鄙的),too interested in money.And one may be concerned that if they tell you,you will ridicule them for paying too much.In general,pers
19、onal finances are very private,and how much one spends is normally seen as part of personal finances.It would be equally unacceptable to ask someone how much they earn or how much they have in their bank accounts or stock portfolio.,II Case Study,-Westerners perspective,Case 2:The privacy of Price,I
20、f someone has made a purchase at a very good price,they may be eager to share their good fortune or shopping skills with their friends by telling them.Normally,though,one does not ask price.The only exception might be if you are interested in buying the same item and you are trying to get a sense of
21、 how much you might have to pay.In such a case,you begin by saying something like,“Forgive me for asking a really rude question.But Im interested in buying a new stereo system(or whatever)too,and I have no idea what sort of prices Ill be looking at.Would you forgive me if I ask how much this sort of
22、 unit might cost?”there is an important shift of focus in asking the question this way:you are not interested so much in how much the other person paid,but how much you might have to pay if you bought something similar.,III Group Discussion,In the following there are three dialogues in which employe
23、rs and employees from different cultural backgrounds fail to understand each properly.Work with your group members to try to identify the problems in them and find some possible solutions.,Dialogue 1This occurs between a Chinese employee(C)and his American boss(A).A wants C to do extra work on Satur
24、day,but C doesnt want to work on Saturday because its going to be his sons birthday.A:It looks like were going to have to keep the production line running on Saturday.C:I see.A:Can you come in on Saturday?C:Yes,I think so.A:Thatll be a great help.C:Yes,Saturday is a special day,did you know?A:What d
25、o you mean?C:Its my sons birthday.A:How nice.I hope you all enjoy it very much.C:Thank you.I appreciate your understanding.,QuestionsWhat does the Chinese employee mean by saying“I see”?Does it mean agreement,acceptance or promise?To the direct request“Can you come in on Saturday”,what should the Ch
26、inese employee say to avoid further misunderstanding?Why does the American boss fail to understand what the Chinese employee implies by saying“Its my sons birthday”?Why does the Chinese fail to say“no”?,Dialogue 2This is a dialogue between a senior American employee(A)and his boss who is an Asian Am
27、erican(B).A:Well,how am I doing?B:(Sam makes a lot of mistakes,but I do not want him to feel discouraged,so I will not tell him)Just fine.You learn very quickly.A:(Why is he complimenting me?I dont think I am doing a very good job)How about this part?Is this okay?B:(Its hard for me to say this!If he
28、 thinks he made mistakes,why doesnt he say so?)Oh,yeswell,um I think maybe you need to work oh a little more slowly oh I am sorry,I do not mean to criticizeA:(Why is he afraid to criticize me?)No,no,I want to know what needs improvement.I didnt do this part correctly,did I?B:(You did it all wrong)Oh
29、,I did not mean that.Really,your work is fine.(What does he want me to say?!),QuestionsWhy does the boss refuse to tell the employee directly what he actually feels about his work?Do you think it is right and natural for the employee to press for definite answers to his questions?If you were the bos
30、s or the employee,what would you do in a similar situation?,Dialogue 3This is an interaction between a supervisor from the United States and a subordinate from Greece.American:How long will it take you to finish the report?(Interpretations)American:I asked him to participate.Greek:His behavior makes
31、 no sense.He is the boss.Why doesnt he tell me?Greek:I do not know.How long should it take?American:He refuses to take responsibility.Greek:I asked him for an order.American:You are in the best position to analyze time requirements.American:I press him to take responsibility for his own actions.Gree
32、k:What nonsense!I better give him an answer.Greek:10 days.,American:He lacks the ability to estimate time;this estimate is totally inadequate.American:Take 15.It is agreed you will do it in 15 days?American:I offer a contract.Greek:These are orders.15 days.(In fact the report needed 30 days of regul
33、ar work.So the Greek worked day and night,but at the end of the 15th day,he still needed one more days work to finish the report).American:Where is the report?American:I am making sure he fulfills his contract.Greek:He is asking for the report.Greek:It will be ready tomorrow.American:But we agreed t
34、hat it would be ready today.American:I must teach him to fulfill a contract.Greek:The stupid,incompetent boss!Not only did he give me wrong orders,but he does not appreciate that I did a 30-day job in 16 days.(In the end,the Greek hands in his resignation.),QuestionsWhy are the interpretations so di
35、fferent from each other?The misunderstanding obviously comes from the fact that the American supervisor wants the employee to participate in decisions,while the Greek subordinate expects to be told what to do.What can we do about it?How to resolve such problems in communications in which participant
36、s hold different cultural expectations?,IV Performance,Analyze the given situation and perform it by adding a reasonable and acceptable ending.,Not So Close,Please Jia He had lived in the United States for 7 years before she came back to work in China.She found that she had become accustomed to soci
37、al habits in North America and that some Chinese behaviors now caused her some discomfort.For example,one day,back in China,she was in a queue to use an ATM.She had noticed that people were standing very close to each other.In fact,the person behind her could,if he or she wanted,to see her enter the
38、 PIN of her ATM card.Jia He wanted to make people aware of the discomfort of the user by keeping her distance from the person in front of her.However,the people behind her pushed her to move forward.,V Exercises 练习,Answer the following questions:How much do you know about the cultures in which Engli
39、sh is the native language?What is your general level of cultural understanding of those English-speaking cultures?Do we need to learn about those cultures in which English is only the second or foreign language?Why?,V Exercises 练习,2.Read the following carefully and translate it into Chinese.,The ide
40、al solution to reducing miscommunication is to share knowledge with other participants in communication.This is why it is the easiest to communicate with other members of the same cultural group.This is why people so often gather together socially with others who are very much like them.It is easier
41、 and more comfortable to communicate when you do not have to do so much work to understand what is going on or to make your communications clear to others.Since intercultural communication is communication with members of different cultural groups,and therefore,because we do not share knowledge,assu
42、mptions,values,and forms of discourse with them,we must expect there to be problems of interpretation.We must look for these problems,anticipate where they will arise out of our differences,and then plan our communications to be as effective as possible.,V Exercises 练习,3.Writing:,Write a short essay to give tips for better culture understanding.,
