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1、Review of Unit 7,What is M-Time and P-Time?Which do you think is the dominating time system in our culture?2.What is the right way of dealing with issues of space and privacy in an intercultural environment?,Intercultural CommunicationUnit 8Cross-Cultural Perception,Warm Up,Please read the story on
2、page 264 and fill in the blanks.What do you think of the story?“I told the Englishman it was the 1 sporting thing to do,and he jumped.I told the Frenchman it was 2 chic;the German that it was a 3 command;the Italian that it was 4 forbidden;the Russian that it was 5 revolutionary;so they all jumped o
3、verboard.”“And how did you get the American to jump?”“No problem,”said the captain,“I told him he was 6 insured!”Of course,what the story tells us about people of those different nations can only be partially true at best and we must be aware of such overgeneralization and oversimplification in our
4、perception of people of other cultures.,French Leave and Dutch Courage(p265-267),Do you know some terms and expressions in English that are formed with names of other nationalities?Danish pastry,Flemish bond,Irish stew,Italic handwriting,Portuguese man-or-war,Russian roulette,Spanish fly,Scotch pine
5、,Swiss roll,Turkish delight and Welsh rarebit;Belgian hare,Dutch barn,French letter,German measles,Greek gifts and Swedish drill.Among the English idioms mentioned in Reading I,some are emotionally“neutral”in that they only deal with“flora and fauna and products”that are not native to England.Howeve
6、r,some other idioms may carry the British cultural values and attitudes to other nations.,French Leave and Dutch Courage(p265-267),Do you know some terms and expressions in English that are formed with names of other nationalities?For instance,idioms which are culturally neutral include:Danish pastr
7、y,Flemish bond,Irish stew,Italic handwriting,Portuguese man-or-war,Russian roulette,Spanish fly,Scotch pine,Swiss roll,Turkish delight and Welsh rarebit.Idioms which are culturally loaded include:Belgian hare,Dutch barn,French letter,German measles,Greek gifts and Swedish drill.,French Leave and Dut
8、ch Courage(p265-267),Many idioms concerning other nations suggest that the Britishs used to hold others in derision and contempt.But all those related to the British themselves indicate that the British used to view themselves in positive ways.Homework:Finish the Fill-in Task exercise(p268).What do
9、they mean in the sentence?,Fill-in Task(p268),1.Excuse my French,but hes a bloody nuisance!2.The headmaster always talks to the pupils like a Dutch uncle.3.I dont understand this book at all,its all Greek to me!4.If you wanted me to go,why didnt you say so in plain English instead of making vague hi
10、nts?5.Scratch a Russian,and youll find a Tartar.Do you understand what I mean?,Fill-in Task(p268),6.Keep away from;his Irish is up.7.Ill have a couple of drinks to give me Dutch courage.8.Its good to see that old film star enjoying a(n)Indian summer with her second highly acclaimed film this year.9.
11、Before she left,she said a final goodbye and give him a long French kiss.10.The companies do not wish to Welsh on their debts to banker if though their business seems to be not good at the moment.,Reading II,Read the article“Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism”(p272-276).1.What is ethnocentrism?Most o
12、ther cultures are backward compared with my culture.My culture should be the role model for other cultures.Other cultures should try to be more like my culture.Most people from other cultures just dont know whats good or them.Most people would be happier if they lived like people in my culture.Peopl
13、e in my culture have just about the best lifestyles of anywhere.Lifestyles in other cultures are not as valid as those in my culture.I do not cooperate with people who are different.,Reading II,Read the article“Ethnocentrism and Ethnorelativism(p272-276)”.1.What is ethnocentrism?I do not trust peopl
14、e who are different.I dislike interacting with people from different cultures.I have little respect for the values and customs of other cultures.Other cultures are smart to look up to my culture.Other people are much the same as my people.Our way of doing things is the only right way.,Reading II,Eth
15、nocentrism is negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of ones own culture.It is the technical name for the view of things in which ones own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.It occurs when our nation is seen as the cente
16、r of the world.In other words,it refers to our tendency to identify with our ingroup and to evaluate outgroups and their members according to its standard.,Reading II,It is not suggested that ethnocentrism is always deliberate.Often the expression of ethnocentrism is a function of how we are sociali
17、zed.(see examples on p273)Ethnocentrism often is expressed in the way people draw their maps.People tend to draw maps of the world with their own country at the center and with other parts of the world depicted as peripheral.Ethnocentrism can all too easily lead to“us”versus“them”thought and languag
18、e.The collective pronouns“us”and“them”become powerful influences on perception.The names given to“them”can be used to justify their suppression and even their extermination.(see the poem“We and They”on p280-281),Reading II,It seems to be really impossible to eradicate ethnocentrism through education
19、 and intercultural exchange;however,they do help reduce the degree of ethnocentrism,a sort of natural tendency,for people live in the context of their culture so they can hardly get rid of their cultures influences on their thinking,behaving and way of living.What one needs to do is to develop the a
20、ttitude of ethnorelativism.What is ethnorelativism?It is just opposite to the attitude of ethnocentrism;it is cultural relativism.It involves the view that all cultures are of equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference.,Discove
21、ring Problems,the stereotyped images of different cultures in the US(p276-278)and the stereotypes of Americans(p278-279)Since most of information we get about people of other nations comes from the mass media today,it is very difficult for us to avoid being greatly influenced by the media in our for
22、mation of impressions of other peoples,and our impressions tend to become stereotypes that may hinder us from truly understanding those peoples in intercultural communication.Besides,what impressions we have formed about people of other nations may also be different from what they view themselves.Fo
23、r instance,it has been noted that there often exists a disparity between the way U.S people think of themselves and the way they are viewed by foreigners.Please look at the results of a survey in the following:,Discovering Problems,U.S Persons Views of ThemselvesInformal,friendly,casualEgalitarianDi
24、rect,aggressiveEfficientGoal/achievement orientedProfit orientedIndividualisticProgressiveEnthusiasticOpen,Foreigners Views of U.S PersonsUndisciplined,too personal&familiarInsensitive to statusBlunt,rude,oppressiveObsessed with time,opportunisticPromise more then they deliverMaterialisticSelf-absor
25、bedTend to equate“new”with“best”DeceptiveUntrustworthy,Culture and Perception(p281-284),A Basic Model of Human Perception:(1)Sensation,(2)Perception,(3)Selection,(4)Organization,(5)Interpretation.Sensation:It is the neurological process by which people become aware of their environment.It refers to
26、the initial detection of energy from the physical world.Perception:It is the process by which we become aware of objects,events,and especially people and their behavior through our various senses and involves higher-order cognition in the interpretation of the sensory information.,Culture and Percep
27、tion(p281-284),A Basic Model of Human Perception:(1)Sensation,(2)Perception,(3)Selection,(4)Organization,(5)Interpretation.Selection:It is a process in which we screen out what we need from all the stimuli and information around us.Organization:It is the process during which we need to organize and
28、impose structure on what we observe in a meaningful way.Interpretation:It refers to attaching meaning to sense data and is synonymous with decoding.,Barriers to Accurate Perception in Intercultural Communication,(1)Ignoring Details,(2)Over-generalizing,(3)Holding on to Preconceptions and Stereotypes
29、,(4)Imposing Consistency,(5)Preconnecting Causes and Effects,(6)Preferring Simple Explanations,(7)Ignoring Circumstances,(8)Crediting Irrelevant Information,(9)Focusing on the Negative,(10)Seeing Good or Bad.,Stereotype and Prejudice(p292-295),StereotypeA stereotype is a fixed notion about persons i
30、n a certain category,with no distinctions made among individuals.In other words,it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we used to categorize a group of people.PrejudiceTrue prejudices are those negative attitudes directed toward groups,especially racial and religious groups,that are form
31、ed by highly personal and unreasoned generalizations about all or most members of the group.,Stereotype and Prejudice(p292-295),Direct results of prejudice:the formation of ingroups and outgroups.Main causes of racial prejudice:ignorance:it leads to indifference and hostility.insecurity:it leads to
32、fear.Classifications of prejudice:Red-neck racism:based on some imagined standard;formal education.Symbolic racism:expressed in terms of threats to peoples basic values and to the status quo.Tokenism:certain people harbor negative feelings about a given group but do not want to admit this fact to th
33、emselves;they engage in unimportant,but positive intergroup behaviors,thus they can effuse to perform more important intergroup behaviors.,Stereotype and Prejudice(p292-295),Classifications of prejudice:Arms-length prejudice:certain people engage in friendly,positive behavior toward outgroup members
34、 in certain situations but hold those same outgroup members at an“arms length”in other situations.Real likes and dislikes:members of the group engaged in behaviors that people dislike;should be given more attention.The familiar and unfamiliar:to experience behaviors or ideas that are unfamiliar and
35、hence feel uncomfortable;a lack of understanding and an insensitivity regarding other cultural groups.,Stereotype and Prejudice(p292-295),Relation among stereotypes,prejudice and discrimination:When cognitions(stereotypes)are assigned values(prejudice),we may enact biased action(eg.discrimination).P
36、rejudice varies principally along the dimension of intensity.Five common forms of prejudice can be identified in terms of intensity:verbal abuse,physical avoidance,discrimination,physical attack,and massacre.How to overcome stereotypes and prejudice:Empathy is the main communication skill we should
37、learn to solve the problem through the face-to-face interaction.Empathic persons know how to show understanding by projecting themselves into their partners position.This means that to be empathic in intercultural interactions we need to be open-minded in terms of information sharings,to be imaginat
38、ive in correctly drawing the picture of others situation,and to show a commitment or strong willingness to understand our culturally different partners in any kind of situation.,Case Study,Case 29(Page285)In this case,both the white people(the Virginia Government)and the Indians were ethnocentric.Th
39、e white people seemed to believe that their learning and sciences were without doubt superior to the Indians learning.They didnt expect that what they considered as good for the Indian youth would be taken as“totally good for nothing”by the Indians,to whom,the white peoples learning and sciences cou
40、ld be inapplicable in their living environment and irrelevant to the way they preferred to live.On the other hand,the Indians were also somewhat ethnocentric when they implied that their education was better by asking the white people to send their sons to be educated by the Indians and promising th
41、at they would be able to“make men of them”through instructing them in all the Indians knew.,Case Study,Case 30(Page286-287)It is said that the event which really marked a dividing point in Western images of China was the visit of U.S.President Richard Nixon to China in February 1972.“A week that cha
42、nged the World”was Nixons characterization of his own trip and his view was shared by many Americans,because it symbolized that the U.S.no longer regarded China as a major enemy,perhaps even not as an enemy at all.Images of contemporary China were changed drastically in the process.,Case Study,Case
43、31(Page287)It seems that Ian and Peter have the same problem,that is,they are both strongly stereotyped by other people and are seldom seen as they actually are.The pinning of qualities and abilities onto individuals and stereotyping them as either“artistic and expressive”or“practical and sensible”m
44、ay run deep within some societies.In this way,people are reduced in their potentials according to such crude labels that are used to explain them.,Case Study,Case 32(Page288)This case clearly shows two very different perceptions of what is going on.Jeremy believes he is being supportive,inclusive an
45、d understanding,whereas Jabu feels she is being treated badly and indeed the victim of racism.Jeremy does not base his understanding of Jabu on what he observes of her,but on impressions he himself has had from his own experience in her country,South Africa,and the basis of his impressions is likely to have been stereotypical.The way Jeremy treats Jabu often implies that Jabu and her culture are inferior and backward.,Homework,Read“Behaviors That Separate Us(p289-291)”.What do you think will be the possible solutions to the problems interracila or international relationships?,
