《跨文化交际学(第一讲).ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《跨文化交际学(第一讲).ppt（27页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Introduction,Culture is nothing;culture is everything;culture means more assignments;culture is to find a good job.,Culture is as macro as beliefs and valuesCulture is as micro as a grain of sandCulture is as visible as peopleCulture is as invisible as love,What is culture?,God helps those who help
2、themselves,I came from Alabama with my banjo on my knee,Im gone to Louisiana,my true love for to see.It rained all night the day I left,The weather it was dry.The sun so hot I froze to death,Susanna dont you cry.Oh!Susanna,oh!Dont you cry for me.Ive come from Alabama with my banjo on my knee.,Blowin
3、 In The Wind:How many roads must a man walk down before he called a man?How many seas must a white dove sail before he sleeps in the sand?How many times must the cannon ball fly before theyre forever banned?The answer,my friend,is blowin in the wind,the answer is blowin in the wind.,“Life is like a
4、box of chocolates,Forrest.You never know what youre gonna get.”,Theories about culture,1)Goodenoughs widely cited definition runs as follows(1964:36):,A societys culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members.Culture is not a n
5、atural phenomenon;it does not consist of things,peoples behavior or emotions.It is rather an organization of these things.It is the form of things that people have in mind,their models of perceiving,relating,and otherwise interpreting them.,Culture is an historically transmitted pattern of meanings
6、embodied in symbols,a system of inherited conceptions expressed in a symbolic form by means of which men communicate,perpetuate and develop their knowledge about attitudes towards life(Geertz,1975:89).,Much of that knowledge is symbolically expressed in artefacts and behaviours and is formulated as
7、rules,norms,expectations,as moral and legal codes,as proverbs,as parental injunctions to children;but much of it is tacit,scarcely conscious until someone does the unexpected(Hundeide,1985).,The meanings and norms implicit in these practices are not just in the minds of the actors but are out there
8、in the practices themselves,practices which cannot be conceived as a set of individual actions,but which are essentially modes of social relation,of mutual action.(Taylor,1971:27),By these I mean notions of what is significant,which are not just shared in the sense that everyone has them,but are als
9、o common in the sense of being in the common reference world.(Geertz,1971:30),Common meanings are the basis of community.Intersubjective meaning gives a people a common language to talk about social reality(Geertz,1971:30).Cultures are dynamic,marked by changes in response to new societal&environmen
10、tal needs&demands.Thus,cultural change is an ongoing&continuous process(DeCapua&Wintergerst,2004),culture is a compound entirety including elements of knowledge,beliefs,arts,laws,morality,customs,and any other abilities and habits that people obtain from the society.(Edward Taylor:Primitive Culture,
11、1871)B)culture is not only“the acquired ability of an individual or a people to recognize and appreciate generally accepted esthetic and intellectual achievement of civilization”or“a particular stage of civilization,as in the case of a certain nation or period”,but also“the total of human behavior p
12、atterns and technology communicated from generation to generation.”(New Websters Third International Dictionary,3d Ed.)C)Social and religious structures and intellectual and artistic manifestations etc that characterize a society.(Longman Modern English Dictionary),Large culture:the major products a
13、nd contributions of a society in general or of outstanding individuals in the said society.With this approach,the students of language and culture study the economical,social and political history and the great politicians,heroes,writers,artists,etc of the country.Small culture:its the anthropologic
14、al culture,meaning the life-ways of a population,and we relate it to language and cross-cultural communication.It includes three aspects:the thinking modes of a cultural community,the way the members of that community deal with the person-person relationship,and the relationship between man and natu
15、re.Sapir&Whorfian Hypothesis(Whorf,1956)tells the relation between language and culture(Kramsch,1988:63).,Large Culture VS.Small Culture(see Brooks,1968;Chatian,1976:388;Seelye,1994),In China,the word,“wen”and“hua”are two separate characters and originally they were two words.At first,“wen”means the
16、 mind,education,civilization while“hua”means cultivation and understanding.Later on,by the time of the Warrior States and the Seven Kingdoms,the two words were connected together to become one word to refer to the civilization,education and also the living and thinking ways and modes,the behaviours,
17、customs and values.(from Zhang Dai-nian and Fan Ke-li,1994:1-3;Cheng Yu-zhen,1998:3.Introduction to Chinese Culture),文化,Trend of Culture,Globalisation and internationlisation,science and democracy,mixed and shared cultural features(seeking harmony out of the differences)will be the overpowering ingr
18、edients in the future culture.Economic cooperation,intercultural communication and culture exchanges will be the essential interests.There now exist multi-culture languages(eg.American English)and multi-language cultures(e.g.Canadian cultures).Culture through English can be divided into target cultu
19、re,source and international culture(Zaid,1999),Relevant aspects of Cultural Studies,Eastern and Western culture,High-context cultures rely on the context,either the actual physical environment of communication or an internalized social context or both,to convey a large part or even all of the messag
20、es meaning.In low-context cultures,the meaning is trusted almost entirely to words(Edward Hall,1990;Samovar,1998)Ren and Li are the key concepts of Confucianism.They complement and overlap with each other.Li serves as the norm and means for achieving the acceptable ends of social life,Ren love and r
21、eciprocity and the goal of life based on kinship relationships in the patriarchal Chinese society.Filial piety,collectivism,harmonious relationship,power and authority,the norm of states and identity are the dominating aspects of Chinese culture.,Seeking harmony,consensus and balance of power is abo
22、ve everything else.Meaning is suppressed in the implicit codes and sensitive to contextual cues,for instance,who says and how to say are more important than what is said.For men in confucialism,the responsibility is to“behave properly in the public;support the family financially;make contributions t
23、o the country and the world.For women in Confucialism,we have the“three obediences”(before being married,obey the father;after being married,obey the husband and when the husband dies obey the son)and“four virtues”(virtues of moral behaviours,verbal as well as non-verbal language,appearance and hous
24、ework skills).,In Taoiam,all beings and things are fundamentally one.Tao focuses on nature and natural order.Buddhism is characterised by elevated humanity and morality.It presents release from existence as the greatest good.Buddhists believe in transmigration of souls through all phases and forms o
25、f life.They also believe that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire,that suffering ceases when desire ceases,and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct,wisdom,and meditation releases one from desire,suffering and rebirth.,East West Orientation Relationships IndividualismEmphas
26、is Obligations/responsibilities/commitment Human rights/freedomPurpose Harmony Extension of self:e.g.persuasionNature Reciprocal,asymmetrical Symmetrical Hierarchical/vertical Equal/horizontalCharacteristics Expressive Instrumental Indebtedness Contractual Other/listener oriented Self-oriented Face
27、and face work Less face and face work Interdependent Independent Complementary Competitive Tolerant Intolerant Personally known intermediaries Professional intermediaries Sympathetic and empathetic Objective In-group and out-group distinction In-group and out-group indistinction,East WestPersonal re
28、lationships and public Personal relationships and relationships overlap public relationships separateLong term and stable relationships Short term and unstable relationshipsWhole person oriented Role orientedPersonal ImpersonalShowing concern Showing consideration/no impositionMaking use of relation
29、ships Not making use of relationshipsAllowed from ideal role enactment Not allowed from ideal role enactment,East WestDiscourse Cyclical/spiral Linear,chain-like Climaxing Anti-climaxing Emphasis on outcome/result/what Emphasis on process/how;Process of solving problems Fewer cohesive devices Emphas
30、is on the use of cohesionNonverbal Silence is gold.Negative attitude to silence,Small scale changes in initial conditions can produce massive and unpredictable changes in outcome.2.Very similar initial conditions can produce very dissimilar outcomes.3.Regularity and uniformity break down into irregu
31、larity and diversity.4.Effects are not straightforward and continuous functions of causes.5.The universe is largely unpredictable.6.If something works once there is no guarantee that it will work in the same way a second time.7.Determinism is replaced by indeterminism.8.Continuity is replaced by dis
32、continuity.9.There are no longer any grand theories to explain phenomena.10.Long-term prediction is impossible.,Chaos Theory,Modernism and Postmodernism,Modernism Postmodernism Large SmallHierarchical Flatter managementBureaucratic TeamworkDepartmentalised Multi-team membershipClosed Open Demarcated
33、.Flexible boundariesSpecialised.Multiple abilities Mechanistic Organic/flexible/changingStandardised/inflexible Flexible/niche-targeted Fordist Post-FordistTechnocratic/impersonal Person-centred-Producer capture ConsumeristGrand plan No meta-narrativesSimilarity/continuity Difference/discontinuityAb
34、solutist values Relativist valuesControlling Self-organising/autonomyPredictability UnpredictabilityDeterministic-Indeterminate,3.Mechanical Systems and Organic Systems,Mechanical(moves from into)organic Emphasis on individuals Emphasis on relationshipsObedience to authority and Mutual trust and sta
35、tus in hierarchy confidenceRigid adherence to Shared responsibility anddelegated responsibility interdependenceCentralised decision-Membership of cross-making functional teamsConflict management Conflict management through control/suppression through problem-solvingRigid job specifications and Few s
36、pecific job standard practices specificationsFormal channels of Formal and informal communication communication channelsLoyalty to the company Loyalty to the team,Developing a Culture,(a)testing ideas,opinions and attitudes;(b)identifying resistances and their sources;(c)providing training and educa
37、tion;making the familiar strange to those who are immersed in the company so that they can see it with fresh eyes;scanning the external environment and customers in order to make change proactive and in order to identify the pressures for change;(f)developing employees self-image as entrepreneurs;(g
38、)making communication effective;(h)developing a shared vision;making clear what the requirements will be of the change from the short term to the long term;(j)identifying responsibilities and accountability;(k)collective identification of problems;(1)development of a genuinely humanistic organizatio
39、n;ensuring that changes are sustained and that regression is avoided.,CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLEGIALITY,1.Participatory approaches to decision making.2.Democratic and consensual decision making.3.Shared values,beliefs and goals.4.Equal rights of participation in discussion.5.Equal voting rights for decision making.6.Sub-groups answerable to whole group.7.Shared responsibilities.8.Equal rights to determine policy.9.Open accountability.10.Extended view of expertise.11.Power of the argument rather than positional power of advocate.12.Shared ownership of the curriculum.,
