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1、Christine FANGChief Executive,HKCSS 1 February 2007,Pension Policy Concerns 退休金政策的考慮,Two Main Focus,Summary of Presentation at the Senior Officials MeetingPension Reforms&Pension Design in Ageing SocietiesLongitudinal Study on Ageing for Policy MakingThe Danish Longitudinal Future Study(DLFS)Survey
2、of Health,Ageing&Retirement in Europe(SHARE),Pension Reform in Ageing Societies,Experience&LessonsSocial PensionsWhos going to payWorking Longer,Experience&Lessons,Pension reform is an on-going objective-driven process.Administrative capacity is a pre-requisite for a successful reform.Emphasis on di
3、versification of funding approaches or multi-pillar systems.Consider the harmonization of fragmented schemes.From Defined Benefits Defined Contribution return first,unfunded&earning-related pillar.,Experience&Lessons,Failure of pension systems resulted from over-promisingmanifest unfairnesslow cover
4、agecontinuing high rates of poverty among the elderlyhinder market mobilityconflict between generations,Experience&Lessons,Pension reform objectives should include AdequacyEquityTransparencyAffordabilitysustainability,Social Pensions,Non-contributive pensions to reduce poverty of older and vulnerabl
5、e peopleChallenges and opportunities of social pensionImpact on poverty Contribution to social protectionUniversal vs Means-tested pension,Whos Going to Pay,In any pension reform,there are 3 critical elementsIn line with the increases of life expectancyAlong with the labour market reformAchieve both
6、 financial and social sustainability,Whos Going to Pay,Pension reforms involve changes in the social contract social solidarity and sharing of risk among government,employers,employees and different generations of workers and pensionersA threat of intergenerational conflictPension reform should not
7、proceed in isolation from other social security benefits.Social policy involves labour markets,social security and welfare,Working Longer,Pension reform is increasingly focusing on extending working life.Three inter-dependent perspectives for extending working lifePublic policyAttitudes&expectationE
8、mployer practice,Survey of Health,Ageing and Retirement In Europe(SHARE)2004,A longitudinal survey with genuine multi-disciplinary&cross-national design,Income security and personal wealth,Kinship and social networks,living arrangements,Physical and mental health,disability,mortality,dynamic,longitu
9、dinal,The Danish Longitudinal Future Study(DLFS),A unique research study Initiated in 1985,has followed four generations of Danes,born in the 50s,40s,30s and 20s.Total of 1,380 respondents.Study carried out in three waves:1987,1997,2002.Time span of the study(15 years)and the re-interview the respon
10、dents,has provided us insights on how these people see their lives.,Subjects and Issues Covered,Identity and happinessFears of ageingWork and retirementVoluntary work and familyLonelinessHousingFinances,Main Findings in DLFS 1987,1997&2002,New generations,compared to previous ones,are:Better educate
11、dBetter off financiallyHealthier and more active in retirementMore familiar with new information technology,What Does This Mean?Megatrends:,Being retired/older is becoming less of a trauma for many people still more people answer“Age does not keep me from doing what I want to do”and“I look forward t
12、o being retired”Life after 60 is not that different to life before 60New opportunities to live,learn,develop,experience,after 60,Identity:Thinking of who I am,Most important for all generations:My family!(75-90%)Education not that importantCareer/work not very important,but more so for 40s,50s,Happi
13、ness,General ranking of happiness factors,for all generations:1)Health2)Family life3)An optimistic view of life4)LoveMoney,work and sex not that importantHealth is increasingly important with age!,The Fears of Ageing,Deteriorating health,becoming fragileBecoming dependent on help from othersLack of
14、careLonelinessBut note that 20%answer:“No fears”,Work and Retirement,2002 compared to 1997:More want/plan to work longerBut half of the younger generations want early retirement Reasons for actual retirement:-Health-To find time for other activities-Did not want to work any more-Couldnt cope with jo
15、b-Being fired,Work and Retirement,In 1987:24%of 60-64 did PE/sportsIn 2002:50%of 75-79!(same generation,15 years older)Comparing 2002 to 1987:-twice as many are active in organisations-more go to church-more attend meetings,seminars-more take courses,educate themselves,Voluntary Work,The young-old g
16、enerations:40%do voluntary workThe oldest generation:23%General opinions:“Doing voluntary work is a good way to engage oneself in retirement”“Voluntary work is a vital supplement to the public sector and public care”“Voluntary work deserves more credit and higher recognition”,Family,Most have good f
17、amily relations A lot of mutual help going on inside families“Family”has increased its importance over the yearsThe family,and the spouse very much so,is vital in providing security,comfort,care79%say:“I am certain my children or children-in-law will help me,if I need it”,Family and the Welfare Stat
18、e,Most prefer the welfare state,rather than the family and friends,to provide care and help,if neededFamily and friends seen as a supplement,Loneliness,Loneliness is much overrated.-75-85%believe that“Many older persons in Denmark feel lonely”But only 10%claim to“feel lonely from time to time”themse
19、lvesThere is no evidence that feelings of loneliness grow stronger with ageHence,“Becoming old and lonely”is a mythBut a myth believed in by all generations,including older persons,Housing,Trend over time:More want to stay in present homeThe older you are,the more you want to stay in your present ho
20、meOther wishes:-finding a smaller home-living close to natural surroundings(woods,beaches,etc.)-living close to shops,transport,etc.-living close to family and friends,Finances-Facts,Funded pensions will increase their significance,but the state pension will continue to be an important financial fou
21、ndation for the majority,and some 15%do not save up for pensionsMost in the new generations are not worried about finances in retirement,but are they too optimistic?Will they be as adaptive as previous pensioners?,Finances-Attitudes,Across generations:Agreeing that pensioners are not generally well
22、off,and that the least well-off should have their pensions increasede.g.strong cross-generational support for welfare system concerning pensions“Its sensible to save for retirement”“There is no reason to be a miser;spend the money before its too late,and dont worry about the children”,Pension Policy Concerns 退休金政策的考慮,
