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1、E-C/C-E Translation英汉互译,如果把汉语句子的主语和作英语句子的主语比较一下，就会发现汉语常以有生命的、具体的名词或代词作句子的主语，而英语注重客观事物对人的作用和影响，因此无生命、抽象的名词做作主语远比汉语中多。在翻译时注意到这一点，往往能译出地道的英语和汉语。,主语的生命性：英语多物称主语 汉语多人称主语,理据：英语语言中的思维注重客观事物对人的作用和影响，以认知自然为视觉焦点，崇尚自然、认识自然、探索自然，最终征服自然，主宰宇宙。在语言上表现为英语多用无生命的名词作主语，主动和被动两个范畴始终泾渭分明。汉语语言中的思维往往以人为中心，认为只有人才能做出有意识的动作，因而
2、对思维的主体和客体不加区分，在语言上表现为汉语常以有生命的名词作主语。也就是说，英语较常用物称表达法，即不用人称来叙述，而让事物以客观的口气呈现出来，让作者与读者均有置身其外的感觉，这在正式文体中很常见。请看一则图书馆通告：,It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of bo
3、oks,and to bear in mind the needs of others students.Penalties for overdue books will in future be strictly enforced.近来已注意到馆存书惊人地减少。此事令人关切。现要求学生不要忘记借还书规则，并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。（隐含的主语是“我们图书馆”）,其实英语写作教学中也建议不要滥用这种非人称表达，认为这会使文章缺乏“personal reference and human touch”，失去“people-to-people relations
4、hip”,显得“abstract and official”，甚至”cold and inhuman”。上例多用人称表达，则可显得不那么正式：The number of books in the library has been going down.Please make sure you know the rules for borrowing and dont forget that the library is for everyones convenience.So from now on,were going to enforce the rules strictly.You ha
5、ve been warned!,虽然如此，非人称表达法仍是英语常见的一种文风，尤其常见于书面语，如公文、新闻、科技论著以及散文、小说等文学作品。这种表达法往往使叙述显得客观、公正，结构趋于严密、紧凑，语气较为委婉、间接。,汉语则较注重主体思维，这种思维模式以“万物皆备于我”作主导，往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。当人称可以不言自喻时，又常常隐含人称或省略人称。,这种巷，常在江南的小城市中，有如古代的少女，躲在僻静的深闺，轻易不肯抛头露面。你要在这种城市里住久了，和它真正成了莫逆，你才有机会看见她，接触到她优娴贞静的风度。它不是乡村的陋巷，湫隘破败，泥泞
6、坎坷，杂草乱生，两旁还排列着错落的粪缸小贩憧憧来往，黝暗的小门边，不时走出一些趿着拖鞋的女子，头发乱似临风飞舞的秋蓬，眼睛里网满红丝，脸上残留着不调和的隔夜脂粉，颓然地走到老虎灶上去提水。,汉语重人称，英语重物称，这一特点主要表现在如何使用主语和动词这两方面。*,一、英语常用非人称主语，汉语常用人称主语英语可用人称主语表达，也常用非人称主语表达。用非人称主语表达时，往往注重“什么事发生在什么人身上”，而汉语则较常用人称主语表达，往往注重“什么人怎么样了”，如：What has happened to you?你出了什么事啦?An idea suddenly struck me我突然想到了一个主
7、意。A strange peace came over her when she was alone她独处时，感到一种特殊的安宁。,英语用非人称作主语的句子大体可以分为以下两大类：1.抽象名词/无生命名词作主语2.用代词it 1用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语，同时又使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作其谓语，因而这种句式往往带有拟人化修辞色彩，语气含蓄，令人回味，反映了英美民族的幽默感。汉语虽然也有用拟人法来描述抽象的概念或无生命的事物，如“什么风把你吹来的?”，“爱情把我们的心连在一起”，“高山低头，河水让路”，但这种表达法较常见于形象的比喻或轻松的文体，无论从使用的语境或出现的频率来看，
8、都远远不及英语。汉人较缺乏幽默感，注重的是“什么人做什么事”，往往用人或比较确定的事物作主语。试比较：,Not a sound reached our ears 我们没有听到任何声音。A great elation overcame them 他们欣喜若狂。Alarm began to take entire possession of him.他开始变得惊恐万状。,His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.他疲惫不堪，天气也越来越热，于是打定主意
9、，一碰到合适的阴凉处就坐下来休息。,英语这类非人称主语句采用“无灵主语”，表示抽象概念、心理感觉、事物名称或时间地点等，但谓语却常常使用“有灵动词”，表示人或社会团体的动作和行为，如see，find，bring，give，escape，surround，kill，deprive，seize，send，know，tell，permit，invite，take，drive，preventfrom等。英语用“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配的句式比汉语多，使用的场合也比汉语广，是地道英语的表现之一。,汉语的“有灵动词”一般只能与人称搭配，根据汉人的思维习惯，人或社会团体才有这类有意识、有意志的行为，非人
10、类的、无生命的事物一般只能有一些无意识、无意志的状态、运动或变化。汉语“无灵主语”与“有灵动词”搭配通常用作一种修辞手段拟人化：北京目睹过许多伟大的历史事件。Beijing has witnessed many great historical events星光很早以前就踏上了旅程。The light from the stars started on its journey long long ago.,(略）2用非人称代词“it”作主语。代词“it”除了用来代替除人以外的生物或事物之外，还广泛用作填补词(expletive)，如：1)用作先行词(preparatory“it”)，代替真正的
11、主语或宾语，如：It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest我从来也没有想到她这么不老实。It is not our view that the substance or the tone of his remarks this morning will contribute to creating a lasting peace in the Middle East我们认为，他今天上午发言的内容和口气都无助于在中东建立持久的和平。,2)用作虚义词，代替的主语是难以言明的现象或情形，如用以表示自然现象、时间、空间以及用于惯用语之中：Its
12、only half an hours walk to the ferry.只要走半个钟头就可以到轮渡。How is it with the sick man?那病人怎么样了?,英语的非人称代词“it”往往使句子显出物称倾向，汉语没有这类用法的非人称代词，因而常用人称，或省略人称，或采用无主句。此外，英语的“There be”句式及用不定代词“one”作主语的甸子也具有非人称倾向，汉语则采用比较具体的人称或事物作主语，或不用主语：In 1958，there was a strike participated in by five thousand workers1958年，五千个工人参加了一次罢
13、工。One must be a servant before one can be a master要当主人，先当仆人。,3)用作强调词，引导所要强调的成分，也是一种形式主语：It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession人总是在面临考验的关头，才发现自己的专长 It is a good horse that never stumbles 人有失误，马有失蹄。,在英汉互译中，用“物称”代替“人称”或反过来常常是一种有效的手段,练习：物称人称主语（英译汉）,From the moment we stepped int
14、o the Peoples Republic of China,care and kindness surrounded us on every side.Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance,The forty years，184080，brought almost ten million migrants to America.The little chaps goodnatured honest face won his way for himMy good fortune has sent you to me，and we w
15、ill never part.,American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher.,Astonishment and even horror oppressed him.Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance
16、.The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.,参考译文：,From the moment we stepped into the Peoples Republic of China,care and kindness surrounded us on every side.一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时随地受到关怀与照顾Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance我兴奋得什么话也说不出来。,The forty years，184080，brought almo
17、st ten million migrants to America从1840至1880这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。The little chaps goodnatured honest face won his way for him这小伙子长相老实，看上去脾气也好，到处有人缘。,My good fortune has sent you to me，and we will never part.我很幸运，能够得到你，让我们永不分离吧。American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson.托马斯杰佛逊为美国的教育事业做出了巨大的
18、贡献。,Memoranda were prepared in advance of private meetings on matters to be discussed.在举行个别交谈前，我已经就所有要讨论的问题预先拟好了备忘录。Her good work and obedience have pleased her teacher.她学业优良、性情温顺，深得老师喜欢。,Astonishment and even horror oppressed him.他感到惊讶甚至恐惧。The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood
19、.我一看到那棵大树就想起了童年的情景。,练习：人称物称主语（汉译英）,在美国，人人都能够买到枪。你可以从因特网上获得这一消息。他突然想到了一个新主意。谁也不能以不懂法律来为自己辩解。必须保证8小时睡眠。近来忙于其他事务，未能早些复信，深感抱歉。恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，但我实在受之有愧。五四运动以后，开始了“新红学”时代，代表人物有胡适、俞平伯等这样一些学者。,小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。因此，小地方的红色政权得以应运而生。我们早就用不着为了量入为出而极力节省了。我害怕起来了，而且越来越害怕。孩子们看到这个菜就眉开眼笑，可他
20、们知道是难得吃这种菜的。我是在大学学的英语。但是没有几年，我就彻底忘记了。大多数的家庭主妇常常逛商店，这样他们可以不要老做家务了，也可解解无聊。,但人们始终没有，也永远不可能忘记文化大革命那可怕的一幕。他只要听到几句恭维话就会得意忘形。大多数人对学生的要求持同情的态度。那时我常常会被她的一个电话激动得心跳。我们沿着小道不知不觉地朝公园走去，跨过了一座人行小桥。走廊的地毯厚厚的，我走在上面，一点脚步声也没有。没有几天的功夫，由于抢购，商店里的货就卖光了。,参考译文：,在美国，人人都能够买到枪。In the United States,everyone can buy guns.In the Un
21、ited States,guns are available to everyone.你可以从因特网上获得这一消息。You can obtain this information on the Internet.This information is available on the Internet.,他突然想到了一个新主意。He suddenly thought out a new idea.A new idea occurred to him.谁也不能以不懂法律来为自己辩解。Ignorance of the law excuses no man.必须保证8小时睡眠。Eight hours
22、 sleep must be guaranteed.,近来忙于其他事务，未能早些复信，深感抱歉。I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter恕我孤陋寡闻，对此关系一无所知。My total ignorance of the connection must plead my apology.凭良心讲，你待我礼貌有加，但我实在受之有愧。My conscience told me that I deserved n
23、o extraordinary politeness,五四运动以后，开始了“新红学”时代，代表人物有胡适、俞平伯等这样一些学者。The May Fourth Movement of 1919 saw the beginning of the“New Redology”，represented by scholars such as Hu Shi and Yu Pingbai小梅心地善良，性情温和，对她朋友这种没有心肝的行为，实在看不顺眼。Xiaomeis kindly and gentle nature could not but不得不 revolt at her friends callou
24、s behavior,因此，小地方的红色政权得以应运而生Thus opportunities are provided for the rise of Red political powers in small areas.如用red political power in small areas（作主语就难以译出地道的汉语，但调整为opportunities作主语就不大一样了）我们早就用不着为了量入为出而极力节省了。The need for strict economy in our lives has long since disappeared.,我害怕起来了，而且越来越害怕。Then f
25、ear set in and commenced to build up.孩子们看到这个菜就眉开眼笑，可他们知道是难得吃这种菜的。The delight of the children at the sight of the dish showed that it was a rarity.,我是在大学学的英语。但是没有几年，我就彻底忘记了。I learned English when I was at college,but in later years it totally escaped my memory.,大多数的家庭主妇常常逛商店，这样他们可以不要老做家务了，也可解解无聊。To m
26、ost housewives,a shopping trip often serves as an escape from housework as well as a relief from boredom.,但人们始终没有，也永远不可能忘记文化大革命那可怕的一幕。But the terrible story of the Cultural Revolution has not been,and may never be,expunged from public memory.他只要听到几句恭维话就会得意忘形。A little flattery would set him carried a
27、way.,大多数人对学生的要求持同情的态度。Theres considerable public sympathy for the students demands.那时我常常会被她的一个电话激动得心跳。Just a phone call from her could often send me quivering with excitement.我们沿着小道不知不觉地朝公园走去，跨过了一座人行小桥。Somehow our path took us toward the park and across a footbridge.,尤其是原文中表示条件、原因等意思的词语可在翻译中用来作主语。走廊
28、的地毯厚厚的，我走在上面，一点脚步声也没有。The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps.没有几天的功夫，由于抢购，商店里的货就卖光了。Within days,panic buying emptied store shelves.,由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且浪费了所有钱。Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time.他们片面地注重重工业，忽视农业和轻工业，因而市场上货物不够。Their lopsided stress on heavy
29、industry to the neglect of agriculture and light industry results in a shortage of goods in the market.,练习:An Ideal Family,That evening for the first time in his life,as he pressed through the swing door and descended the three broad steps to the pavement,old Mr.Neave felt he was too old for the spr
30、ing.Spring-warm,eager,restless-was there,waiting for him in the golden light,ready in front of everybody to run up,to blow in his white beard,to drag sweetly on his arm.And he couldnt meet her,no;he couldnt square up once more and stride off,jaunty as a young man.He was tired and,although the late s
31、un was still shining,curiously cold,with a numbed feeling all over.,Quite suddenly he hadnt the energy,he hadnt the heart to stand this gaiety and bright movement any longer;it confused him.He wanted to stand still,to wave it away with his stick,to say,Be off with you!Suddenly it was a terrible effo
32、rt to greet as usual-tipping his wide-awake with his stick-all the people whom he knew,the friends,acquaintances,shopkeepers,postmen,drivers.But the gay glance that went with the gesture,the kindly twinkle that seemed to say,Im a match and more for any of you-that old Mr.Neave could not manage at al
33、l.He stumped along,lifting his knees high as if he were walking through air that had somehow grown heavy and solid like water.And the homeward-looking crowd hurried by,the trams clanked,the light carts clattered,the big swinging cabs bowled along with that reckless,defiant indifference that one knows only in dreams.,
