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1、,Period 1 Important words&expressions,重点词汇,1calculate v计算；计划，打算；估计calculation n计算，推算calculator n计算器，计算者calculating adj.有私心的；精明的calculate sth/that 从句 计算；估计calculate on doing sth.指望或依靠某事物calculate on=depend on 指望be calculated to do sth.打算或计划做某事be calculated for 适合于calculate thatclause估计；认为It is calcul
2、ated that.据估算 最后，让我们一起回忆一下以or结尾的词吧：visitor,survivor,competitor,editor,【常用表达】,(1)Were calculating on an early start.我们指望可以早出发。朗文(2)This advertisement is calculated to appeal to children.这个广告是针对儿童设计的。牛津(3)He calculated the costs very carefully.他仔细地计算开支。(4)We cannot always calculate on/upon others help
3、.我们不能总是指望别人的帮助。,【经典例句】,我们还没计算出度假要花多少钱。We havent calculated the cost of the vacation yet.这些广告旨在吸引年轻的单身消费者。The advertisements are calculated to attract young single consumers.我们不能指望外出时有好的天气。We cant calculate on having good weather for the outing.据估算，去年至少丧失了47 000个工作It has been calculated that at least
4、 47,000 jobs were lost last year.我看他们快要到了。I calculate they will soon arrive.,直通高考看看高考怎么考(1)(上海卷SectionB)They_(估算，计算)that due to the global warming the forest is producing additional tons of wood each year.答案calculated(2)(2014高考课标卷I阅读理解B)It was calculated that when its population reached its highest
5、point,they were more than 3billlion passenger pigeonsa number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States,making it perhaps the most abundant大量的，充足的；丰富的，富有的bird in the world.,2.simplify vt.使(某事物)简单；简化；使简易simplify our task 简化我们的工作simplified Chinese characters 简化的汉字The
6、masses hope the government will simplify the procedures for handling matters.老百姓希望政府部门办事时可以简省一些不必要的手续。,【常用表达】,【经典例句】,根据汉语意思，完成英文句子(1)那可以简化我的工作。That will _.(2)你可以采用计算机CAD辅助设计系统简化包装(package)设计。You can adopt CAD system to _.(3)美丽人生源于对生活弃繁从简。A great life is the result of _.,simplify my task/work,simplif
7、ying your life,2.sum n.总数 算术,算术题,可数名词金额in sum 简言之;总而言之sum of sth.的金额；总数sum up/sum sth.upto sum up总之;概括地说sum up总结;概括;总计达(to)vt.&vi.总结；概括,【常用表达】,He was fined the sum of$200.他被处以200美元的罚金。The sum of 5 and 3 is 8.5加3的和是8。I had to spend a large sum/large sums of money to get it back.我得花一大笔(大笔大笔的)钱才能把它弄回来。
8、Learn to do sums at school 我们在学校学做算术题。In sum,the plan failed.总之,计划告吹了。At the end of the trial,the judge summed up.审判最后，法官作了总结。I summed her up as a competent manager.我认为她是个很能干的经理。,【经典例句】,运用：完成句子1)他被处于200美元的罚金。He was fined _.2)5加6的和是11。_ is 11.3)总之，计划告吹了。_，the plan failed.4)现在把你的观点用几句话概括一下。Now _ in a
9、few words.,the sum of 200 dollars,The sum of 5 and 6,In sum,sum up your views,The teacher _ _(总结了他所说的)in the end.,运用 根据汉语提示完成句子。,_(总而言之),no one can succeed without working hard.,To sum up/In sum,3solve vt.解决；解答solve a difficulty 解决困难solve a problem in maths 解答数学问题a solution to the problem 问题的解决方案/法t
10、o solve an equation/puzzle/riddle/problem 解方程/难题/迷solution n解决，解决方法；解答，答案，常与介词to搭配。soluble sljubl adj.可以解决的；可以解答的find a solution to sth.找到解决的方法handle/settle/overcome the difficulty解决困难,【常用表达】,Charlie thinks money will solve all his problems.查理认为金钱会解决他所有的问题。(朗文)Can you solve the word puzzle?你能解答这个字谜吗
11、？Attempts are being made to solve the problem of waste disposal.正在想办法解决废物处理的问题。Theres no simple solution to this problem.这个问题没有简单的解决办法。,【经典例句】,运用 根据汉语意思完成英文句子。With the help of his friends,he finally_(解决了那个问题).The clever child _(把那数学题目解答出来)quickly.,solved the maths,solved/settled the problem,problem,
12、4.from on 从时起from now on 从现在起from then onsince then 从那时起From then on,I grew rapidly both in size and in brainpower.自那时起，我在体积和脑容量方面迅速成长。He promises to work hard at his studies from now on.他许诺从现在开始努力学习。,【常用表达】,【经典例句】,运用 根据汉语意思完成英文句子。从现在起，我要更加努力去实现我的目标。From now on,Ill study even harder to reach my goal
13、.从那时起,我就开始对足球产生了兴趣。From then on,I began to be interested in football.(3)从那时起她就致力于改善山区的教育。From then on,，she devoted all herself to improving the education of the mountain areas.,【直通高考】看看高考怎么考,(1)(10全国卷阅读理解E)_(从那时起)，my journey became interesting.答案From then on(2)(10全国卷短文改错)_(从那时起)，weve kept in touch w
14、ith one another through emails.答案From then on,5as a result 结果；因此(1)as a result(=therefore)结果,因此as a/the result of(=because of)因为;由于；作为的结果in the result 结果，结局without result 徒劳；毫无结果with the result that.结果是bring about/yield good results 得到好的结果(2)result in(cause)导致；致使(意思等同于lead to)result from(be caused b
15、y)起因于;因而引起(意思等同于lie in)as a consequence 结果in consequence 结果in consequence of 由于,【常用表达】,【巧学助记】,(1)As a result of the pilots strike，all lights have had to be cancelled.由于飞行员罢工，所有的航班都被迫取消了。朗文(2)The flight was delayed as a result of fog.因有雾该航班误点。牛津(3)(牛津P1703)He made one big mistake,and,as a result,lost
16、 his job.他犯了个大错,结果丢了工作。(4)I was very busy.As a result,I couldnt take care of her.我非常忙,因此无法照料她。,【经典例句】,(1)My mother was over the age limit and_，her application for the job was rejected.(2013海淀区)Aas a result Bin conclusionCworse still Dwhats more(2)The pilots are on strike；as a result，all flights have
17、 had to be cancelled.飞行员在罢工；结果所有航班都已被迫取消了。(3)If breathed in they can result in illness or even death.如果这些病毒被人体吸入，它们就可能导致疾病甚至死亡。,as a result，as a/the result of,He made a big mistake,and,as a result,lost his job.他犯了个大错，结果丢了工作。He didnt pass the exam as a result of his carelessness.他由于粗心而没有通过考试。,【词语辨析】r
18、esult in，result from,(1)Hard work results in success.努力终归成功。(2)Success results from hard work.成功来自于努力工作。,用as a result，as a result of，result in，result from填空(1)_ the car accident，Jackson couldnt work any longer.(2)As far as I know，his carelessness _ his failure.(3)As far as I know，his failure_ his ca
19、relessness.(4)Jenny did too much shopping，_，she nearly missed the flight.,As a result of,resulted in,resulted from,as a result,Last term，his mother were working in Australia.(1)_，he found much difficulty both in his study and life.(2)_being left alone，he had to make every meal for himself and did mu
20、ch more housework.But he didnt want to be influenced too much.So he studied harder than before.(3)_his hard work，he got good marks in the final exams.Now he can tell others that success(4)_hard work，and that difficulty will(5)_ firm determination and strong will.,As a result,As a result of,Results f
21、rom,results from,result in导致,【直通高考】看看高考怎么考,(2014高考课标卷I短文改错)As a result,the plants are growing everywhere.原句：As result,the plants are growing somewhere.(2012安徽阅读理解C)As a result of these problems，the population fell from 8.2 million in 1841 to 6.6 million in 1851.由于这些问题，(爱尔兰的)人口从1841年的820万降到了1851年的660
22、万。,(2011天津阅读C)_(结果)，reading clubs and neighborhood groups sprang up around the city.,As a result,6.total adj.总的；全部的；整个的n总数；合计 v总数为；合计为totally adv.完全地；整个地in total 总共；总计(totally)a total of 总数;总共(修饰名词复数时,谓语动词用复数)the total of.(谓语动词用单数)totaladd up tocome toamount to(数字总计)达到total up add up算出总数total(up)toa
23、dd up to总额为totally blind 全盲 total silence 寂静无声a total failure完全失败,【常用表达】,To be honest,I totally agree with your opinion.诚实地说,我完全同意你的看法。(朗文P2182)In total,over 250 employees completed the safety training.总共有超过250名员工完成了安全培训。You were a total failure if you hadnt married by the time you were about twenty
24、eight.如果到了28岁左右还没结婚,你就是个彻底的失败者。I totally agree with you.我完全同意你的看法。,【经典例句】,阅读下列句子，注意total的搭配和意思。(1)There are over 4,000 students in total in our school.(in total意为altogether，in all)(2)Why?The room is in total darkness.(total作形容词，等于complete)(3)The town was totally destroyed after the earthquake.(total
25、ly是副词，等于completely)(4)Imports totalled 1.5 billion last year.(total作动词，意思是“共计，总数达”),这些书的全部费用是多少？What is _these books？这些书总共花了我500元。It cost me _ of 500 yuan._，it cost me 500 yuan.The cost _ 500 yuan.,the total cost of,a total of,In total,totaled up to,用total的适当形式完成下列小片段。The company used to have 230 cl
26、erks in(1)_and their income(2)_ 50,000 yuan per year.But last year things changed(3)_and the products could not be sold out.Most of the workers became out of work，which made them in(4)_ despair.,total,totalled,totally,total,【直通高考】看看高考怎么考,(2011天津高考阅读表达)I was a student who went on alternative break tr
27、ips and had my life totally transformed by that experience.我是一名进行过选择性休假旅行的学生，并且那样的经历使我的生活完全改变。,7.explore vt.&vi.探索；探测；探究exploration n.探索；探究 explorer n.探险者；探索者exploratory adj.探索的；探究的I have even been put into space rockets and sent to explore the Moom and Mars.我甚至被置入太空火箭里，被发射去探索月球和火星。,【常用表达】,运用 根据汉语意思
28、完成英文句子。You should_ _(寻求解决问题的办法).The shape of a spaceship makes it possible for us _(探索太空).(3)Last week a group of modern birdmen put their courage on their wings,and _ gravity in Hangzhou,Zhejiang Province.Achallenged BresearchedCexplored Dconducted,explore the ways of solving the problem,to explore
29、 outer space,8.anyhowadv.(也作anyway)无论如何;即使如此somehow(or other)adv.以某种方法,不知怎的somewhat adv.有点儿;有些;有几分(1)即使如此”。相当于in spite of或even so，在作此意讲时，anyway和 anyhow一样，都用做让步状语，一般置于句中(其前常有连词 but)或句末。(2)“无论如何，不管怎样；总之；用于转换话题、结束谈话或回到原话题。(3)“况且，更何况，再说，至少”。相当于besides。作此意讲时,两者都可用来做状语,对前面的话做补充，给出一个令人信服的理由，此时 anyhow常出现在句首
30、或最后的分句之首，而不出现在句末。(4)“粗心地，随意地”，作此意讲时，只能用 anyhow.,【常用表达】,(朗文P76)Anyhow,we have plenty of time to plan ahead.不管怎样,我们有很多时间去提前作计划。I am not feeling quite well,but I will attend the meeting tomorrow anyhow.我感觉不太舒服,但是即使如此我也要参加明天的会议.How about going downtown this morning?Well.，its a bit too cold outside.And a
31、nyhow，Ive got to do some housework._The work was done all anyhow._Somehow he was afraid of her.不知怎的,他怕她.My jacket is somewhat like yours.我的夹克与你那件有点相似。,况且=besides,粗心地=carelessly,【经典例句】,So anyhow，as I was saying，when I arrived Tom was already there.不管怎样，正如我所说，我到达的时候汤姆已经在那儿了。朗文 Its too late now，.无论如何现在
32、已经太迟了。牛津Although his relationship with his mother had improved somewhat,he was still depressed.尽管和母亲的关系有所改观,他仍然十分消沉。Somehow(or other),Ruth and he seemed to be always quarrelling.不知怎么的露丝和他老是吵架。,however 即是副词，也是连词1）Ill come however busy I am.副词2）Later,however,he made up his mind to go.副词3）Its raining h
33、ard.However,I still want to go there.副词4）However you argue,I shall hold my decision.连词5）I will go by train but you can go however you like.连词,【直通高考】看看高考怎么考,(2012湖北卷阅读理解)(1)But anyway，this is still a green，beautiful country.但是即使如此,这仍然是一个绿色的、美丽的国家。(2)(四川卷，1)Im sorry I didnt finish it on time._.AFine，t
34、hanks BNo，thanksCThanks a lot DThanks anyway解析考查情景交际。A项是见面打招呼的用语；B项用于委婉拒绝；C项表示非常感谢。D项意为“无论如何，还是要谢谢你”。联系上句“抱歉我未能按时完成”可知应选D项。答案D,9goal n目标；球门；(进球)得分achieve ones goal实现某人的目标longterm goal长期目标shortterm goal短期目标pursue/reach/attain ones goal in life 追求/达到/实现某人的人生目标score/kick a goal 得(踢进一球得)一分win the game b
35、y three goals to one 以三比一获胜set/achieve a goal设立/实现目标,【常用表达】,Weve achieved our goal of building a shelter for the homeless.我们已经实现了为无家可归者建庇护所的目标。Its inweve got a goal.球进了，我们射门得分。The new player headed the ball into the open goal and helped the team win the match.新队员用头把球顶入空球门，帮助球队赢了比赛。,【经典例句】,运用 根据汉语意思完
36、成英文句子。我们的足球队比他们领先两分。Our football team leads them _.你一旦设定目标，就要努力工作去实现这个目标。Once youve_,youve got to work hard to_.(3)Liverpool won by _(以二比一)(4)As a student，_(你的目标是上大学),by two goals,set a goal,achieve/reach it,two goals to one,your goal is to go to college,10.signal vi.&vt.发信号 n信号(1)a danger/warning/d
37、istress signal 危险/警告/遇难信号traffic signals交通信号灯a stop signal停车信号 by signal 以信号a signal of/for sth.的信号(2)signal(to)sb.to do sth.示意某人做某事signal sb./sth.to do sth.向示意做某事signal with 用发信号signal for 用信号传达(某信息)signal for help发出求救信号signal to sb.向某人示意signal(sb.)that.示意,【常用表达】,In our class,when the bell rang and
38、 the teacher closed his book,it was a signal for everyone to stand up.在课堂上,铃声响起,老师合上书就是我们要起立的信号。All I get is a busy signal whenever I dial his number.我什么时候拨他的电话听到的都是忙音。When all the instruments had been checked out,the pilot signaled that he was ready for takeoff.所有仪表都检查过之后,驾驶员发出起飞准备就绪的信号。The police
39、signaled the driver to stop his car by raising his hand.警察举手示意司机停车。,【经典例句】,(1)宣布的这件事是否预示以后日子越过越好了？Is this announcement _ better times ahead?(2)她举手示意车停下。She _ by raising her hand.(3)潜水艇发出求救的信号。The submarine _.(4)我们可以用手电筒将消息发出去。We can _ by flashing the torch.,a signal of/for,signaled the car to stop,s
40、ignaled for help,signal the message,(1)Cyclists who_(发出信号)before turning or stopping help prevent accidents.(2)He _ for the bill.他示意服务员结帐。(3)She _ follow her.她示意他跟她走。Traffic police make signals with hands and arms.The thief signalled his friend that the police were coming.The mobile phone doesnt _ve
41、ry well in this district.在这个区域手机不能很好地接收到讯号.,give signals,signaled the waiter,signaled him to,pick up signals,symbol，sign，signal与mark四者均含“标志，象征，符号”之意。(1)symbol指作象征或表达某种深邃意蕴的特殊事物。(2)sign普通用词，指人们公认的事物的记号，也可指某种情况的征兆。(3)signal指为某一目的而有意发出的信号。(4)mark普通用词，含义广泛。既可指为便于辨认而有意做的标记，又可指自然形成的标记或有别于其他事物的特征。We waited
42、 for them to give us the _ to move.Asymbol Bsign Csignal Dmark【解析】symbol“象征;符号”;sign“记号,征兆，迹象”；signal“信号”；mark“标志，标记”。由句意“我们等着他们发出前进的信号”。可知选C。【答案】C,【直通高考】看看高考怎么考,(2012广东高考完形填空)Cyclists who give signals before turning or stopping help prevent accidents.骑自行车的人在拐弯或停车前发出信号有助于防止事故的发生。,11in a way 在某种程度上；从
43、某一角度看(1)in a way=in a sense/in one way/in some way(2)in the(ones)way 碍事，妨碍；挡路in no way 一点也不,决不(置于句首时,主句要部分倒装)on the/ones way to.在去的路上,即将成为on ones way 即将去(或来)；在路上all the way 一路上；一直；完全by way of 经由，途经by the way顺便说一下 no way 没门，别想all the way一路上；一直；完全in this/that way以这种/那种方式give way(to)让步，屈服in many ways在很
44、多方面当表达“在某种程度上”时，还可以用in a sense，to a/some degree和to an/some extent三个短语。,【常用表达】,(朗文P2316)In a way,Im a little surprised he accepted the offer.从某种意义上讲,他接受了这个报价让我觉得有点儿惊讶。Teaching in school can in no way be separated from practice.学校教学决不能脱离实践。Dont stand in the way.Move aside and let me pass.不要挡着路,靠边点让我过去
45、。(1)In a way，its kind of nice to be working alone.从某种意义上讲，独自一个人干活相当不错。朗文(2)The changes are an improvement in one way.这些变化从某种意义上说是一种进步。牛津(3)We went by way of London.我们途经伦敦.朗文,【经典例句】,完成句子从某种意义上讲，独自一个人干活相当不错。_ _，its kind of nice to be working alone.这些变化从某种意义上说是一种进步。The changes are an improvement_ _.我们途
46、经伦敦。We went _ _London.(4)_ can we miss the chance that someone will be sent abroad for further education.我们决不能错过这个被派往国外深造的机会。(5)Our employer will not _ our demands for higher wages.我们的雇主不会对我们增加工资的要求让步。(6)Dont stand _.不要妨碍别人。,In a way,in one way,by way of,In no way,give way to,in the way,【直通高考】看看高考怎么
47、考,(2011高考浙江卷)He decided that he would drive all the way home instead of putting up at a hotel for the night.他决定一路开车回家而不是在旅馆里过夜。(2012浙江高考阅读C)The problem isnt in the sandwich,but in the way students deal with the conflict.问题不是在夹心面包上而是在学生们处理冲突的方式上。,(2013陕西高考任务型阅读)Pets are amusing and entertaining,but w
48、e are in a way doing animals harm by making them live in a human environment.宠物非常有趣，但是从某种程度上来说，我们是通过让它们生活在人类的环境中而伤害它们。,【直通高考】看看高考怎么考,直通高考看看高考怎么考(1)(北京卷阅读理解C)Ive been teaching my history class_(以这种方式)for many years and the evaluations reflect student satisfaction with the environment that I create.答案
49、in this way(2)(重庆卷阅读理解A).on the other side where the old bucket was carried，there was a joyous row of wild flowers，leading_(一直)to the garden.答案all the way,12arise vi.(arose,arisen)出现；发生;起身，起立(1)arise from/out of 由引起，从中产生(2)arise作“呈现;出现;发生”讲时;主语通常为抽象名词problem,argument,quarrel,question,movement等。(3)表“
50、起身”之意,为正式或旧式用法,vi没有被动语态.,【常用表达】,(译林4)The number of road accidents and the death arising from/which arises from those accidents has increased greatly over the past years.在过去的几年里,道路交通事故及由此而引起的死亡人数大幅上升。Seeing his mother return home,the boy arose from his chair immediately.看到妈妈回家了,小男孩立刻从椅子上站起来。(朗文P89)Mo
